Advance Directives

These are social insurance choices made by an individual on what he/she might want to be never really case he/she gets inept sooner or later in future.â Decision making on human services issues isn't simple and individuals are encouraged to look for counsel from such a large number of clinical experts so as to make the correct sort of decision.â It isn't just a people specialist who should give bearings on what to do then ends produced using there, more data can be gotten from other medicinal services experts to enable the individual to settle on good choices on what he/she needs (Monagle and Thomasma 2004: 141). Propelled mandates are made when one is intellectually equipped and are made on various structures as will be discussed.â Different patients endure various ailments or maladies and there are different instances of emergency.â Most cases that do happen are those of cardiovascular issues, respiratory and life supporting issues. Â Advance orders demonstrate what an individual might want to be never really case he/she can no longer make his/her own choices (Monagle and Thomasma 2004: 141). An individual is likewise permitted to allocate this dynamic job to a doctor he/she trusts and knows his/her wellbeing status, consequently can make fitting decisions.â Advanced orders as have been shown, apply in various areas of sound care.â Different medicinal services offices need to comply with the propelled orders of the patients.â Almost all social insurance offices get these propelled orders on what a patient might want to be done to.â A model is the crisis division that manages revival of patients with heart issues, respiratory issues among others (Bledsoe et al, 2008: 156). The paramedics in this office much of the time don't have the opportunity to peruse and break down the propelled orders composed by the patient and the propelled mandate may not be accessible at the hour of emergency.â They are continually battling to spare the life of the patient at the hour of crisis as their conventions direct, giving them trouble in thought to propel orders documentation just as data recovery about the propelled orders. They in this way have issues with the development mandate framework and forms.â Some nations or clinics have created various types of cutting edge orders that suit the crisis division just as other clinical offices (Bledsoe et al, 2008: 157).â This will be talked about later.â The various types of lawful propelled orders are not known to such a significant number of individuals thus they don't know which one to utilize when needing a propelled order. Each grown-up in an intellectually skillful state is permitted to settle on a choice and compose a development directive.â It doesn't imply that in the event that one doesn't have a development order, at that point the individual won't be dealt with or offered social insurance benefits, this is a discretionary measure just intended to give individuals a respectable demise or medicinal services administration of choice.â It isn't just the individuals with terminal cases that compose progressed directives.â Normal individuals who feel that mishaps can happen to them and may require explicit clinical treatment compose propelled orders showing what they need and what they don't need when such a circumstance happens (Cotts 2006: 5). This might be an issue however since the individual at the hour of dynamic, don't have the foggiest idea how the mishap will happen or how his life will be influenced after the accident.â It is simply after the mishap that the genuine realities can be uncovered to the person.â This consistently makes issues with the nearby family members the debilitated person.â Most instances of advance order are on those with terminal diseases who realize that their life won't be acceptable after some timeframe and accordingly settle on choices on their life when they are completely able (Cotts 2006: 5). Individuals consistently settle on choices not to be placed into any life supporting machines, not to be revived or permit themselves to be dealt with so that there lives can be sustained.â A development order is only a rule to a specialist on what the patient needs to be done to in instances of incapability.â A case of a development mandate is the Do Not Resuscitate, which directs that a specialist ought not revive a patient in the event of cardiovascular breakdown, or respiratory issue that makes the individual not ready to breath (Atkinson 2006: 46). There are various sorts of cutting edge directives.â These are anatomical gift, a living will and a human services proxy designation.â There is an alternate structure in the event of crisis clinical care.â If somebody doesn't need any revival if there should be an occurrence of respiratory or heart rest, at that point a type of cutting edge mandate known as the DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) is used.â All these sorts have explicit zones of utilization (Atkinson 2006: 46).

E-Business and e-commerce marketplace analysis Essay

E-Business and web based business commercial center investigation - Essay Example My association can likewise profit by the enormous client base accessible over the web which will prompt wide market being reached by means of publicizing along these lines converting into expanded deals income. 2.The after are a portion of the advantages that exist for both B2B and B2C associations; there is cost decrease on buying since squander is diminished, brought exchange costs due down to normalization and computerization of agreement,inquiring,ordering,paying and accepting procedures. Different advantages are finding and leading new business, in this manner it is simple for organizations to discover colleagues that beforehand were obscure to them; and in conclusion organizations will build their productivity on flexibly fasten because of computerized obtainment forms. The last advantage is observing of corporate spending which empowers purchasers to obtain data on the examples of purchasing, subsequently letting firms to allot, decrease and control spending. The obstructions incorporate vital change; in this manner an adjustment in a business arrangement of a firm can be progressive (key) or transformative (operational) process. This implies there could be protection from change which could be because of social or mental reasons. The other hindrance is expenses and financing of setting up web based business; the expenses of actualizing internet business can be such a horrible obstruction particularly for SMEs and they incorporate expenses related with obtaining equipment and programming, arranging, broadcast communications and upkeep

Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women

Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women Depression Suicide Print Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 20, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 04, 2020 Ismail Akin Bostanci / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression In This Article Table of Contents Expand Suicide Attempts & Risk of Death Suicide Methods Severity of Suicide Attempts Self-Harming Behavior Depression and Suicide LGBTQ Suicide Rates Theories & Explanations View All Back To Top Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. Official statistics and research studies have found that there are a number of gender differences in suicide. These differences are known as the gender paradox of suicide. While females are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, for example, males are much more likely to take their own lives. While it is difficult to discuss this topic, it has to be stressed that this knowledge is important if we are to reduce the number of deaths by suicide in the United States and around the world each year. The World Health Organization reports that 800,000 people die by suicide each year worldwide while suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States.?? Understanding these gender differences can help experts better design and develop prevention and intervention strategies. Differences in Suicide Attempt and Risk of Death Suicide statistics reveal that women are roughly three times more likely to attempt suicide, though men are two to four times more likely to die by suicide.?? Compared to their male counterparts, women show higher rates of suicidal thinking, non-fatal suicidal behavior, and suicide attempts.?? The differences in attempts and completed suicides in women have erroneously led many people to believe that suicide attempts in women are often a method of getting attention rather than a serious risk. This is far from true. Its important to note that among women, an attempted (but failed) suicide attempt is the greatest risk factor for suicide in the future, and all suicide attempts, whether in men or in women, need to be taken very seriously. Differences in Suicide Methods One of the most important reasons for the difference between suicide attempts and completed suicides between men and women is the method of suicide used. Men tend to choose violent (more lethal) suicide methods, such as firearms, hanging, and asphyxiation, whereas women are more likely to overdose on medications or drugs.?? Common suicide methods in men include: FirearmsHangingAsphyxiation or suffocationJumpingMoving objectsSharp objectsVehicle exhaust gas In general, women tend to use a greater variety of suicide methods than men. Common suicide methods in women include: Self-poisoning (Women four times as likely as men to die from drug poisoning)Exsanguination (bleeding out from a cut such as a slit wrist)DrowningHanging (One study found that men and women are both just as likely to die by hanging)Firearms (But women were 73% less likely to use firearms as men) Why More Men Are Taking Their Own Lives Other Differences in Suicide Methods There are differences in suicide methods beyond those between the sexes. One study found that: Men who were married were more likely to use firearms, whereas men who were unmarried were more likely to die by hanging.Unmarried women were less likely to hang themselves than married women.Men with a history of substance use were more likely to die by self-poisoning.  Prior substance use had no impact on self-poisoning as a suicide method among women.For both men and women, the likelihood of poisoning was significantly higher among those taking psychiatric medications.?? Methods such as intentional overdose are more common in those who have been depressed for some time. Firearms, in contrast, appear to be more common when people are reacting to acute situations. This would support current recommendations to remove guns from a home in the setting of an acute mental health crisis. According to the CDCs Data Statistics Fatal Injury Report for 2017, firearms accounted for 50.6% of all suicide deaths in 2017. Differences in the Severity of Suicide Attempts Even when the same method of suicide is used by men and women, attempts by men tend to be more serious and severe (60% more severe, at least statistically speaking). Men who attempt suicide and survive are more likely than women who attempt and survive suicide to require intensive care hospitalization. With regard to suicide by firearms, research has found that men are more likely to shoot themselves in the head (which is more likely to be fatal) than women.?? The reason for this has been debated but could be related to less intent to die in women. Some have suggested that this could be, however, that cosmetic fears in women, should the attempt fail, play a role in the location of a gunshot.?? Researchers have explored the possibility that suicidal intent may play a role in this discrepancy. One study found that females tend to exhibit less serious intent to die than do males.?? Prior Suicide Attempts Before Suicide As noted above, both men and women who have a history of a prior suicide attempt are at high risk for future suicide. Over half of women who die by suicide have a previous attempt, whereas less than half of men who commit suicide have a prior attempt. Suicide Warning Signs Regardless of gender differences in suicide, everyone should be aware of the risk factors and warning signs of suicide. If you or a loved one have a history of depression, you may wish to create a suicide safety plan as well. Differences in Self-Harming Behavior While men are more likely to die as a result of a suicide attempt, women are more likely to engage in what is known as deliberate self-harm (DSH) or self-injury. DSH involves any sort of self-harming behavior, whether or not the intent is to commit suicide. Research suggests that people who use self-injury are not usually trying to kill themselves, though sometimes they do. While many people associate self-harm with a desire for attention, it is not and is often done in private. Examples of DSH include non-lethal drug overdoses and self-injury such as cutting. While suicide may not be the motivation, many people who engage in self-harm may be having suicidal thoughts and may also go too far in their self-harming behavior resulting in unintentional suicide. Research has found some key risk factors for suicide in those who engage in self-harming behavior including: Previous episodes of self-harmSuicidal intentPhysical health problemsMale gender?? What Are the Warning Signs of Self-Injury? Gender Differences in Depression and Suicide Its thought that major depression occurs in roughly half of people who commit suicide, both male and female, and there are differences in this regard as well. Women are twice as likely as men to carry a diagnosis of major depression, though, as noted, completed suicide occurs much more often in men than women. Its also known that women are more likely to seek treatment for depression than men. Differences in Suicide Rates Among LGBTQ Individuals Research has found that suicidal thoughts and rates are much higher among those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and non-binary.  For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are three times more likely to think about suicide and seven times more likely to attempt suicide than heterosexual youth.??   A U.S. study found that 40% of transgender adults have attempted suicide.?? One of the first studies to look at how gender identity impacts suicide rates found that among teens, trans males face the highest risk of suicide, with 50% reporting a suicide attempt in the past year.?? Nonbinary teens had the second-highest suicide risk, with 42% reporting some type of self-harm in the previous year.?? For comparison, the study found that suicidal behaviors were reported in less than 10% cisgender males (that is, those whose gender identity matches their biological sex) and 17% of cisgender females.?? Rejection and bullying have both been implicated in the increased suicide rates among LGBTQ individuals. Research has shown that young people who are rejected by their families due to their identity or sexual orientation are 8.4 times more likely to attempt suicide than those who have more family support and acceptance.?? A study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that every incident of LGBTQ harassment or abuse, both verbal and physical, more than doubles the risk of self-harming behaviors.?? Research suggests that taking steps to facilitate friendships between LGBT and heterosexual students may help reduce these rates. A study conducted by researchers from the University of British Columbia found that simply having a gay-straight alliance (GSA) at school reduced suicidal thoughts and attempts among all students, regardless of their sexual orientation.?? The researchers suggest having a long-standing GSA reduces homophobic bullying and improves student mental health no matter their sexual orientation. How LGBTQ Bullying Affects Suicide Risk Why Are There Gender Differences With Suicide? A number of different theories have been suggested to account for the gender differences in suicide. Differences in gender roles and societal expectations may account for some of the differences in suicidal behavior. The gender stereotype of men being tough and strong does not allow for failure, perhaps causing men to select a more violent and lethal method of suicide; while women, who are allowed (in social acceptance terms) the option to express vulnerability and to ask for help, may use suicide attempts as a means of expressing their need for help. Some researchers have even suggested that women may be more reluctant to engage in a serious suicide attempt because the act is seen as violent and masculine. Some theories suggest that females may be more likely to attempt suicide at an earlier point when faced with psychological distress or illness than males, less out of an intent to die and more out of an attempt to communicate distress.?? Another theory is that women are more likely to take others into consideration, and looking at suicide in the context of relationships may give women less incentive to want to die. Others have wondered if perhaps women feel freer to change their minds following a decision to attempt suicide. Experts suggest that gender might also influence what methods a person is familiar with or has ready access to use. For example, men are generally more likely than women to be familiar with firearms and use them in their daily lives, and thus they might choose this method more often. While certain generalizations can be made about male and female suicide behavior, it should be noted that general tendencies cannot be taken as absolute guidelines for suicide prevention efforts. Suicide attempts should always be taken seriously and not dismissed as attention-seeking behavior, nor should it be assumed that only persons of a particular gender will use any given method. It is important to note that more research is needed to better understand gender differences in suicide and to develop gender-targeted intervention strategies. If You Are a Parent… If you are a parent, you may have lost sleep hearing about the risk of suicide in young people. Despite prevention and intervention programs aimed to help teens who are considering suicide, determining if a teenager is suicidal can be very difficult. In addition to learning about the warning signs of suicide in adults, take a moment to learn about the warning signs for suicide in teenagers, and become familiar with some of the common myths about teen suicide. The Trevor Project offers help and resources for LGBTQ youth and can be reached at 1-866-488-7386. Call 911 if you or another person is in immediate danger. How to Help a Friend Who Is Feeling Suicidal

A Genetics Definition of Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of homologous chromosomes contains chromosomes of similar length, gene position, and centromere location. Chromosomes are important molecules because they contain DNA and genetic instructions for the direction of all cell activity. They also carry genes that determine individual traits that can be inherited through reproduction. Human Karyotype A human karyotype shows the complete set of human chromosomes. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total. Every chromosome pair represents a set of homologous chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, one chromosome in each homologous pair is donated from the mother and the other from the father. In a karyotype, there are 22 pairs of autosomes or non-sex chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes in both males (X and Y) and females (X and X) are homologs. Cellular Reproduction There are two ways that a cell can divide and reproduce and these are mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis exactly copies a cell and meiosis creates unique cells. Both of these methods of cellular reproduction are necessary for sustaining human life. Mitosis allows a zygote to replicate until a human is formed and meiosis produces the gametes that make fertilization, and therefore zygotes, possible in the first place. Mitosis Cellular division by mitosis replicates cells for repair and growth. Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are copied so that each cell produced retains the original number of chromosomes after division (this number is doubled and then halved). Homologous chromosomes replicate by forming identical copies of chromosomes called sister chromatids. After replication, single-stranded DNA becomes double-stranded and resembles the familiar X shape. As a cell further progresses through mitosis, sister chromatids are eventually separated by spindle fibers and distributed between two daughter cells. Each separated chromatid is considered a full single-stranded chromosome. The stages of mitosis are listed and explained in more detail below. Interphase: Homologous chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids.Prophase: Sister chromatids migrate toward the center of a cell.Metaphase: Sister chromatids align with the metaphase plate at a cells center.Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite cell poles.Telophase: Chromosomes are separated into distinct nuclei. After the cytoplasm is divided during cytokinesis, the final stage of mitosis, two daughter cells are formed with the same number of chromosomes in each cell. Mitosis preserves the homologous chromosome number. Meiosis Meiosis is the mechanism of gamete formation that involves a two-stage division process. Prior to meiosis, homologous chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids. In prophase I, the first stage of meiosis, sister chromatids pair up to form a tetrad. While in close proximity, homologous chromosomes exchange sections of DNA randomly in a process called crossing over. Homologous chromosomes separate during the first meiotic division and the resulting sister chromatids separate during the second division. At the end of meiosis, four distinct daughter cells are produced. Each of these is haploid and contains only half of the chromosomes of the original cell. The resulting chromosomes have the correct number of genes but different gene alleles. Meiosis guarantees genetic variation through genetic recombination via prophase crossover and random gamete fusion into diploid zygotes during fertilization. Nondisjunction and Mutations Problems occasionally arise in cell division that lead to improper cell division. These usually significantly affect the outcome of sexual reproduction whether the issues are present in gametes themselves or the cells that produce them. Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate during mitosis or meiosis is called nondisjunction. When nondisjunction occurs in the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes remain paired. This results in two daughter cells with an extra set of chromosomes and two daughter cells with no chromosomes at all. Nondisjunction may also occur in meiosis II when sister chromatids fail to separate prior to cell division. Fertilization of these gametes produces individuals with either too many or not enough chromosomes. Nondisjunction is often fatal or otherwise results in birth defects. In trisomy nondisjunction, each cell contains an extra chromosome (for a total of 47 instead of 46). Trisomy is seen in Down syndrome where chromosome 21 has an additional whole or partial chromosome. Monosomy is a type of nondisjunction in which only one chromosome is present Sex Chromosomes Sex chromosomes can also suffer from nondisjunction. Turner syndrome is a form of monosomy that causes females to have only one X chromosome. Males with XYY syndrome have an extra Y sex chromosome in another example of trisomy. Nondisjunction in sex chromosomes typically has less severe consequences than nondisjunction in autosomal chromosomes, but still impacts the quality of life for an individual. Chromosome Mutations Chromosome mutations can affect both homologous and non-homologous chromosomes. A translocation mutation is a type of mutation in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and is joined to another chromosome. Translocation mutation between non-homologous chromosomes is not to be confused with crossover between homologous chromosomes or regions of chromosomes. Deletion, the loss of genetic material, and duplication, the over-copying of genetic material, are other common chromosome mutations.

Bullying At The Nursing Profession - 845 Words

Bullying in the Nursing Profession Carli Jessop Flathead Valley Community College Bullying is a term that many associate with children and while this has been recognized as a serious issue in schools across the country, such conduct unfortunately does not stop there. It has been said that nurses eat their young and while this may sound particularly extreme, bullying as well as lateral and vertical violence in the nursing profession has been an ongoing and increasingly prevalent issue in recent years. Nurses are commonly placed in leadership roles, and while one would think this would offer the opportunity to recognize and prevent this type of behavior in the workplace, the potential for abusing this power is high and the opposite repeatedly occurs. The impact of bullying and lateral and vertical violence can be severe and extremely detrimental for not only the individual on the receiving end, but the entire nursing staff as well as the patients in their care. The prevalence of bullying in the nursing profession is high according to a survey done by The Joint Commission which states more than 50% of nurses have experienced some form of bullying at work while more than 90% have reported witnessing this type of behavior. The survey also found that 75% of the nurses believed it negatively affected patient care (Felblinger, 2008). In another study, it was found that out of 303 nurses, 65% reported being bullied or had witnessed incidents of bullying (Egues Show MoreRelatedWorkplace Bullying And Its Impact On The Nursing Profession1421 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace bullying is a growing problem in the American workplace and the Nursing Profession no exception. Addressing workplace bullying and its impact on the nursing profession is paramount to upholding patient safety and decreasing nursing attrition rates. Defining the problem is the first step in addressing it. In the past, workplace bullying was referred to as â€Å"Nurses eating th eir young.† There are many names for the various levels of workplace bullying like horizontal and lateral violenceRead MoreEssay on Bullying Within the Nursing Profession in Australia2313 Words   |  10 PagesWorkplace bullying is increasingly being recognised as a serious problem in society. Reports from the general media and professional press suggest that there is increasing evidence that the scale of bullying, harassment and violence amongst health care staff is widespread (UNISON, 2003). Chaboyer, Najman, and Dunn (2001) explain that although nursing in Australia is now considered a profession, the use of horizontal violence, bullying and aggression in nursing interactions has been identified asRead MoreVertical Violence And Its Effects On The Nursing Profession1107 Words   |  5 PagesNursing is a profession that is based on the principles of caring and ethics. For years nursing has been continuously ranked as the most trusted profession (Riffkin, 2014). Nurses adv ocate for patients even if it means standing up to doctors and hospital administrators. Shockingly, for a job rooted in compassion, horizontal violence is a devastatingly common occurrence in the nursing profession. Horizontal violence, or workplace bullying, is defined as repeated incidences of aggressive behaviourRead MoreBullying in Nursing838 Words   |  3 PagesIn a profession where caring is the epicenter of the job, it is disconcerting to see a high occurrence of bullying in the nursing environment. Lateral bullying and lateral violence are terms used to describe bullying, uncivil behavior, disrespect, social devaluing, peer control and verbal, physical and emotional abuse occurring between nurses and or colleagues (Ceravolo et al., 2012). 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But for our consistent rankings, there is a quiet festering problem that has been growing among us; a problem that has largely been disregarded as too infrequent to worry aboutRead MoreLateral Violence in the Workplace1270 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Lateral violence in the workplace Abstract This paper explores five published articles as they relate to the concept of Lateral violence (LV) within the nursing profession and how it directly affects the work environment. The concept of LV is also known as abusive behavior, horizontal violence, bullying, aggression, horizontal hostility, verbal abuse or â€Å"nurses eating their young†. There are four main themes that appear throughout the five articles. The negative effects thatRead MorePersonal Statement : Florence Nightingale Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pageswithout sleep, and possibly days without eating. Nursing was and currently is a taxing career, that demands perseverance, patience, compassion, and trust. A nurse was once held in high esteem, considered the guardian angel to many, at times respected more than the physician. Florence Nightingale established that: A nurse should solemnly pledge herself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from whatever is deleteriousRead MoreWorkplace Is A Comprehensive Issue Is Not Only Affects A Person s Dignity Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesISSUES Workplace bullying is a comprehensive issue which not only affects a person’s dignity, but also causes psychological and emotional problems (Park, Cho Hong, 2015). The results of horizontal violence will be job dissatisfaction, physical and psychological stress. The recipient’s of HV will be having sleeping difficulties, low self-confidence and low enthusiasm, feeling isolated from other staff, show depression and utilize lots of sick leave (Longo Sherman, 2007). On a study conducted onRead MoreNursing Bullying Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesNURSE TO NURSE BULLYING The Impact of Nurse to Nurse Bullying in the Workplace The Impact of Nurse to Nurse Bullying in the Workplace Have you ever been a target of an individual’s cruelty and hatred? It does not necessarily have to be physical, but more like being verbally degraded or publicly humiliated. The effects bullying can have on itsRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Effective And Ineffective Management Strategies1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they have been affected by workplace bullying, whether they were the target or the witness (2). The nursing profession is no exception to this startling statistic. Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) and The Joint Commission (TJC) have addressed the need for a positive work environment that is â€Å"free of abusive behavior, such as bullying, hostility, abuse of authority, and reprisal for identifying abuse in the workplace† (8). Bullying in nursing is thought to begin during undergraduate

Against School A Corrupted System Free Essays

The educational systems purpose is to prepare people with the necessary skills and knowledge so that they can excel and function properly in today’s society. John T. Gatto challenges that idea and begs the question is 12 compulsory years of standard schooling consisting of six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year needed? Gatto refers to George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln as they were not formally schooled and yet were very successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Against School: A Corrupted System or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Gatto’s, there are three main purposes to formal schooling, â€Å"1) To make good people, 2) To make good citizens, and 3) to make each person his or her best. † (Gatto 3) Gatto believes that the current educational system actually contradicts these three ideals. He claims that there are six basic yet specific functions that intend to hold back and limit the progress and overall success of a student. Of the six functions there are three serve specifically to limit and hinder a students progress. The diagnostic and directive functions, the differentiating function, and the propaedeutic function all seemingly serve to cripple a students success but when analyzed some do hold some truth but in the end they are merely irrational and ridiculous accusations made by Gatto. The diagnostic and directive functions are defined as a litmus test to test where a particular student â€Å"fits† in society based on grade percentages. These percentages are logged and stored permanently in our student records which are then passed on the post secondary schools to place students in their â€Å"proper societal roles† (4). During my freshman and sophomore years in high school I can not help but remember teachers classifying â€Å"ap† students and high academic achievers as those who were going to be â€Å"successful†. My math teacher often referred to more difficult questions as the â€Å"doctor† or â€Å"lawyer† question in an attempt to scale the difficultly of the question. What if one can not do the question? Does that mean that person should be classified as remedial or can not attain the success of a doctor or lawyer? Of course not, the simple idea of that is completely irrational. However, once reassessing and making them less extreme, Gatto’s diagnostic and directive functions can be found anywhere in the academic system whether it be perquisite knowledge for grade twelve programs or university entrance. While this function may seem absurd, Gatto’s differentiating function is one that can be related to actual everyday life. The differentiating function is a more practical function. It states that, â€Å"once a student’s role has been â€Å"diagnosed† through standardized testing, they are to be sorted by role, and trained only so far as their destination in the social machine merits. † (5) The functions practical use is especially seen in post secondary schooling where a more refined and â€Å"specialized training† takes place. We see this in any standard entry test for a specific program such as the SAT, LSAT or MCAT. Based on a students performance on these forms of testing they are then place in their respective programs allow them to focus specifically on areas of study that are important to them. At my old high school there was a standard entry test, SSAT, that examined various categories of schooling (math, reading, writing etc†¦) Depending on how you did on the test would determine not only whether or not you are eligible for acceptance but whether or not you qualify to take ap courses, because if u do not posses the proper knowledge taking a more advanced course would be counter-productive and in fact hurt your academic career. Once one has analyzed the differentiating function there is some truth to it but when one looks at the propaedeutic function, it is completely incorrect. The propaedeutic function is completely incorrect and misleading. According to Gatto, the purpose of the propaedeutic is to create a class of â€Å"elite caretakers †¦ taught to manage this project, how to watch over and control a population deliberately dumbed down and declawed† (5) He’s saying that those who already control the population are going to educate children so that when they grow up they can control the population and train more children to do the same. At this point it seems like Gatto is trying to throw something that is completely and utterly irrational out there trying to catch people off guard and hope to attract some followers. The simple thought that people were training young children to know how to manipulate people in such a way that they simply do not challenge authority and do exactly as their told to is ridiculous. At no point in my life have I ever felt that someone or an organization is trying to limit my personal abilities to comply with this absurd function. Teachers constantly enthuse student to be all they can and achieve as high as they can, not that its ok if u cant because we already got it figured out. While other of Gatto’s functions may have held some truth this particular function is completely incorrect Gatto believes that those who control the way society runs are trying to create a norm in the educational system. That student’s are pre-destined before they are given the ample chance to excel and achieve. Gatto explains that schools traditionally have three purposes: 1) To make good people; 2) To make good citizens; 3) To make each student find some particular talents to develop as best they can. These are all fine standards but because of government schools have become prison like even in there cell block style construction. Gatto’s approach is very liberal and has opened my eyes to certain matters especially the way that educational system is poorly constructed (with it being bases on grades) and how it is mismanaged leading to sub-par performance and disappointing â€Å"success† rates. It is this poorly constructed system and a corrupted way of running it is what I think Gatto was truly trying to revile. How to cite Against School: A Corrupted System, Essay examples

Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson Essay Example

Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson Essay Bryan Stevenson’s novel, â€Å"Just Mercy,† is based on a true story that is very touching and eye opening. Stevenson’s words are very powerful and thorough; he explains and catches the reader’s eyes by explaining that our system of justice needs to be improved. Stevenson, in this novel, tells the reader about one of his first cases that he had, which was a notorious murder case against by Walter McMillian who insists he did not commit. Advocacy for a prisoner is always a benefit. It is a prisoners’ number one priority to be advocated since they have a possibility of not getting sentenced. It is especially a number one priority for them because of the capital punishments. â€Å"Capital punishment runs counter to core conservative principles of life, fiscal responsibility, and limited government. The reality is that capital punishment is nothing more than an expensive, wasteful and risky government program†(Drehle 29). Being that it is very wasteful and society also agrees with it, advocacy for a prisoner would be an immense advantage considering that the jury would be against the death penalty. There are different forms of advocacy. One is used to facilitate a prisoners appeal, another form of advocacy is called the social justice advocacy which in McMillian’s case is relevant because he is in such a position of disadvantage where he is not being advocated. Social justice advocacy is for constru ctional and abiding changes that increase the power of those who are most disadvantaged politically, economically, and socially. In McMillian’s case, he is disadvantaged socially, being that he has no hope for advocacy reason being Judge Key was not willing to appoint Stevenson to be his lawyer because he saw no point in even making an effort to assist him in his case. â€Å"This is Judge Key, and you don’t want to have anything to do with this McMillian case. No one understands how depraved this situation truly is, including me, but I k We will write a custom essay sample on Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

essay123 Essays - Architecture, Lighting, Stage Lighting

essay123 Essays - Architecture, Lighting, Stage Lighting There are a lot of components that I take into consideration when picking out light and fixtures. Modern styles stand out to me the most because of the city living I choose to live in. City style living is all about maximizing your space as much as possible. Having brighter walls with neutral colors always makes a home feel bigger than what it actually is. I love retro looks because it gives me a sense of sleek, spacious, and cool vibe s to any home I've seen. After reviewing throughthe brand page I found threecompanies that were most appealing to me based strictly offthe appearance . They are Lois Poulsen , Vesoi lighting, andNEXT.I then went to each website to learn more about the products.Louis Poulsen stood out to me because of the unique structureof most of the fixtures. I appreciated the type of bright/white light the company showed on each piece. I visualized someof the lamps and wall lights in my common area for study areas and vanity lighting. The main concern that turned my away from the company was the pricing because I did not find it very reasonable. I then came across Vesoi lighting and was instantly drawn to viewing more of the suspended lighting. The chandeliersand suspension light s are very elegant and visually pleasing to look at. The E1 3 30/so Suspension light is ab s o l ut ely magnificent and my favorite item. I was amazed thatalmos tevery product I loved on site page and thepricing was very reasonable. However,I then quickly realized that I could not personally see these fixtures in my home. I would only purchase these items to use in an area for business and not in ho me. After reviewing all three, it was very evident that NEXT would be my brand of choice. As I stated before, I am a big fan of modern designs and NEXT provide s that look with almost all the pieces on the brand page . As a college student the energy efficiency rating, energy saving, long life span, and eco friendly aspects became a plus. I love white and silver lights and they had the most variation I have seen with a very elegant touch to each item. They had different indoor and outdoor lighting with the same design, which I found very convenient. I reviewed the company's policy on warranty and delivery that was very impressive for the brands customer care. I also read more on smart controls, which I was not previously aware of. It explained that integrates occupancy, daylight, demand response, dimming, and energy saving components which I thought was absolutely stellar. The Alien M Easy Floor Light was amazing to me. I could really see that piece in my home now or any home I choose in the future. The design was very pleasing to look at and I know that it would make a great piece for conversation because most lighting fixtures are not designed that way. The DNA Wall and Ceiling Lamp is absolute a must have. The desi gn is so innovative to me and can real ly add finishing touches to any home design. Sleek, sexy

Biography of William Still, American Abolitionist

Biography of William Still, American Abolitionist William Still (October 7, 1821–July 14, 1902) was a prominent abolitionist who coined the term Underground Railroad and, as one of the chief conductors in Pennsylvania helped thousands of people get free and settled away from slavery. Throughout his life, Still fought not only to abolish slavery, but also to provide African-Americans in northern enclaves with civil rights. Stills work with runaways is documented in his seminal text, The Underground Rail Road.  Still believed that the book  could encourage the race in efforts of self-elevation. Fast Facts: William Still Known For: Abolitionist, Father of the Underground RailroadBorn: October 7, 1821 near Medford, New JerseyParents: Levin and Charity (Sidney) SteelDied: July 14, 1902 in PhiladelphiaEducation: Little formal education, self-taughtPublished Works: The Underground Rail RoadSpouse: Letitia George (m. 1847)Children:  Caroline Matilda Still, William Wilberforce Still, Robert George Still, Frances Ellen Still Early Life Still was born a free black man in near the town of Medford, in Burlington County, New Jersey, the youngest of 18 children born to Levin and Sidney Steel. Although he gave his official birthdate as October 7, 1821, Still provided the date of November 1819 on the 1900 census. Still was the son of people who had been enslaved laborers on a potato and corn farm on the eastern shore of Maryland owned by Saunders Griffin. William Stills father Levin Steel was able to purchase his own freedom, but his wife Sidney had to escape enslavement twice. The first time she escaped she brought along her four oldest children. However, she and her children were recaptured and returned to slavery. The second time Sidney Steel ran away, she brought two daughters, but her sons were sold to slave owners in Mississippi. Once the family was settled in New Jersey, Levin changed the spelling of their name to Still and Sidney took a new name, Charity. Throughout William Stills childhood, he worked with his family on their farm and also found work as a woodcutter. Although Still received very little formal education, he did learn to read and write, teaching himself by extensive reading. Stills literary skills would help him become a prominent abolitionist and advocate for freed African-Americans. Marriage and Family In 1844 at the age of 23, Still relocated to Philadelphia, where he worked first as a janitor and then as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. Soon he became an active member of the organization, and by 1850 he served as the chairman of the committee established to help runaway slaves. While he was in Philadelphia, Still met and married Letitia George. Following their marriage in 1847, the couple had four children: Caroline Matilda Still, one of the first African-American women doctors in the United States; William Wilberforce Still, a prominent African-American lawyer in Philadelphia; Robert George Still, a journalist and print shop owner; and Frances Ellen Still, an educator who was named after the poet Frances Watkins Harper. The Underground Railroad Between 1844 and 1865, Still helped at least 60 enslaved African-Americans escape bondage. Still interviewed many of the enslaved African-Americans seeking freedom, men, women, and families, documenting where they came from, the difficulties they met and help they found along the way, their final destination, and the pseudonyms they used to relocate. During one of his interviews, Still realized that he was questioning his older brother Peter, who had been sold to another slaveholder when their mother escaped. During his time with the Anti-Slavery Society, Still put together records of more than 1,000 former enslaved people, keeping the information hidden until slavery was abolished in 1865. With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, Still was elected chairman of the Vigilance Committee organized to find a way to circumvent the legislation. African-American Civic Leader Since his work with the Underground Railroad had to be kept secret, Still kept a fairly low public profile until slaves were freed. Nonetheless, he was a fairly prominent leader of the African-American community: in 1855, he traveled to Canada to observe enclaves of former slaves. By 1859, Still began the fight to desegregate Philadelphias public transportation system by publishing a letter in a local newspaper. Although Still was supported by many in this endeavor, some members of the African-American community were less interested in gaining civil rights. As a result, Still published a pamphlet entitled, ​A Brief Narrative of the Struggle for the Rights of the Colored People of Philadelphia in the City Railway Cars in 1867. After eight years of lobbying, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a law ending segregation of public transportation. Still was also an organizer of a YMCA for African-American youngsters; an active participant in the Freedmens Aid Commission; and a founding member of the Berean Presbyterian Church. He also helped establish a Mission School in North Philadelphia. After 1865 In 1872, seven years after the abolition of slavery, Still published his collected interviews in a book entitled, The Underground Rail Road. The book included more than 1,000 interviews and was 800 pages long: the tales are heroic and harrowing, and they illustrate how people suffered deeply and sacrificed much to escape slavery. Notably, the text underscored the fact that the abolitionist movement in Philadelphia was primarily organized and maintained by African-Americans. As a result,  Still became known as the Father of the Underground Railroad. Of his book, Still said, we very much need works on various topics from the pens of colored men to represent the race intellectually. The publication of The Underground Rail Road  was important to the body of literature published by African-Americans documenting their history as abolitionists and former slaves. Stills book was published in three editions and went on to become the most circulated text on the Underground Railroad. In  1876, Still placed the book on exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition to remind visitors of the legacy of slavery in the United States. By the late 1870s, he sold an estimated 5,000–10,000 copies. In 1883, he issued the third expanded edition that included an autobiographical sketch. Businessman During his career as an abolitionist and civil rights activist, Still acquired considerable personal wealth. He began purchasing real estate throughout Philadelphia as a young man. Later, he ran a coal business and established a store selling new and used stoves. He also received proceeds from the sales of his book. To publicize his book, Still built a network of efficient, entrepreneurial, college-educated sales agents to sell what he described as a collection of quiet examples of what fortitude can achieve where freedom is the goal. Death Still died in 1902 of heart trouble. In Stills obituary, The New York Times wrote that he was one of the best-educated members of his race, who was known throughout the country as the Father of the Underground Railroad. Sources Gara, Larry. William Still and the Underground Railroad. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 28.1 (1961): 33–44.Hall, Stephen G. To Render the Private Public: William Still and the Selling of The Underground Rail Road. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 127.1 (2003): 35–55.Hendrick, Willene and George Hendrick. Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad as Told by Levi Coffin and William Still. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004Khan, Lurey. William Still and the Underground Railroad: Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties. New York: iUniverse, 2010.Mitchell, Frances Waters. William Still. Negro History Bulletin 5.3 (1941): 50–51.Still, William.. The Underground Rail Road Records: With a Life of the Author. Philadelphia: William Still, 1886.William Still: An African-American Abolitionist. Still Family Archives. Philadelphia: Temple University.

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

English Literature - Essay Example It is plausible to assert that the main characters’ motivation for viewing in another entity, possibly the best or desired versions of themselves is a consequence of their unremarkable and rather ordinary lives which perhaps do not offer a sense of fulfillment or satisfaction thereby, leaving behind a yearning and longing for wanting more. Accordingly, it is evident that the characters’ psyche is characterized by the presence of doubt, uncertainty and a yet again that sense of discontentedness which is prompted by the onset of anxiety which translates into the emergence of psychological splits. Regardless of the protagonists’ intentions behind their alternative portrayals of the self and their respective identities it can be established that the existence of split identities for a single individual in this case The Narrator and Afonso is also fundamental to the boosting of their self-worth, for perhaps all their lives have been marked by inadequacy and unrequited personal and professional relationships where their mothers, fathers, girlfriends and bosses have been absent in the association or never thought too highly of the protagonists’ or their capabilities to maintain the relationship and let it thrive. However, the question arises that whose approval is more significant for maintaining and advancing the characters’ sense of self-worth? What binds the members of the fictional Fight Club in Palahniuk’s work is a sense of resentment, dissatisfaction and rage which is channeled negatively through activities of vandalism and destruction. However, these are only the personal traits and characteristics that are comparable between each and every member of the alliance. Another aspect of the main characters’ early life which is similar and therefore, reinforces the notion of The Narrator and Tyler Durden – the co-founder of Fight Club being the same person is that of their mutually shared contempt for their fathers. The

Concert Music Review at San Francisco Conservatory of Music Essay

Concert Music Review at San Francisco Conservatory of Music - Essay Example Finally, ‘Vivace’ is reminiscent of his attachment with Bohemian music. However, the most notable aspect of this composition is the use of the high E, which enlightens the listener of the hardships he has had to face in life. Therefore, ‘From My Life’ is noteworthy of using tones to project different aspects of Smertana’s life. Perhaps the most notable feature of Bela Bartok’s ‘Contrasts’ is the amalgamation of different forms of music, namely the Hungarian, Bulgarian and Romanian flavors. Such a confluence has generally been considered as an innovation of the 20th century in difference with earlier compositions. ‘Contrasts’ therefore reflects towards a deviation from the earlier approaches. The First of the three constituting movements ‘Verbunkos’ alternated between slow and agitated rhythms. The second movement, ‘Piheno’ was added to provide a sense of relaxation while ‘Sebes’ p rovides the balancing off-balance tones. The purpose of involving these three varieties was to induce complex tones by providing subtle variations at various phases. Owing to its different approach, Contrasts was referred to as something away from concert music and instead belonging to the chamber music category. However, the composition is held in high regards as it requires greater technical application and preparation and demands the use of diverse instruments and the quality of the music is further determined by the physical arrangement of the musical group. Contrasts used low E-notes.

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay There are past literature reviews related to work and family conflict, but hardly any review which gives a quick overview of work and family research in global context. This paper outlines both the positive and negative outcomes associated with work and family interface, theoretical models related to work and family research, antecedents and consequences of work and family interface, importance of topics in work and family study and future implications of work and family interface. Introduction In the 21st century it is a challenge for many working families to maintain a balance between work and family. The increased participation of married women in the labour force has led to a growing realization that work and family domains are highly interdependent. Duxbury and Higgins (1991) reported that due to the increasing prevalence of dual bread-winner families and single working parents, workers are facing more challenges in meeting the demands of work and family. Issues of work and family have always been a part of our life. Lopata and Norr (1980) suggest that work and family issues have gained greater importance because the stereotypic life-course pattern is changing and more flexible options are available. Killien, Habermann, and Jarrett (2001) reported that in more than 50% of all married couples in United States of America, both partners work outside the home. In the western and dual earner couples are the norm today, representing 54% of married couples in the U.S. in 2001 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). The interference of the home and work domain has been identified as one of the ten major stressors in the work place (Kelloway, Gottlieb, Barham, 1999). The spillover from work and family can be negative or positive and is bi-directional; it involves the transfer of mood and behaviour from one domain (home or workplace) to the other (Almeida, Wethington, Chandler, 1999; Bromet, Dew, Parkinson, 1990). Work can be very important and can have positive effects for people (e.g. Rothbard, 2001). A balanced life can give multiple sources of satisfaction (Baruch Barnett, 1893), and can provide many people with social support, opportunities for increased self-efficacy and an expanded frame of reference (Barnett Hyde, 2001). If the workers are unable to make the balance between work and family roles, the potential for conflict between the roles increases (Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992a; Greenhaus Powell, 2003). Work and family conflict is emerging as a research topic because there have b een significant changes in the social conceptions of gender, parenthood and work identity (Beach, 1989). Work and Family from the Conflict and Balance Perspective Voydanoff (2004b) reported that work and family conflict and work family balance are independent constructs rather than opposite ends of a single continuum. Work and family conflict is based on the principle of scarcity theory. The scarcity theory of human energy assumes that personal resources of time, energy, and attention are fixed. The scarcity hypothesis also suggests that the multiple roles inevitably reduce the time and energy available to meet all role demands, thus creating strain (Goode, 1960) and work-family conflict (Marks, 1977). Work and family conflict has been defined as a form of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985, p.77; Greenhaus Powell, 2003). Work and family conflict occurs when the demands of work are in disharmony with the demands of family (Bruck, Allen Spector, 2002). Boundaries of work and family are asymmetrically permeable, such that work interfere s with family life and family life interferes with work (Eagel, Miles Icenogle, 1997; Frone, Russell Cooper, 1992b). The incompatibilities between the two roles are based on the three different forms of work and home conflict: time based, strain based and behaviour based (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985). Time based conflict occurs when the time demanded by the family puts pressure on work and the time demanded at work take away from spending quality time with the family. Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk, and Beutell (1996) hypothesized that commitments of time represent an important cause of work and family conflict (WFC). This hypothesis is based on the view that time is a limited resource. If a person devotes his time to a given role e.g. work, the less time that person has to meet the family role. Strain based conflict occur when stress from one domain shifts to another domain. Bartolome and Evans (1979) explained strain based conflict as the extent to which an individual preoccupied w ith one role (e.g. family) stressed someone attempting to meet the demands of another role (e.g. work). Behaviour based conflict occurs when behaviour makes it difficult to fulfil the requirements in another role. Behaviour based conflict refers to the display of specific behaviors in one domain that are incongruous with desired behaviors within the second domain, where norms and role expectations in one area of life are in- compatible with those required in the other domain (O Driscoll, Brough, Kalliath, 2006, p. 118). Several researchers acknowledge that the direction of conflict is an essential element and that both work-to- family and family-to-work conflict need to be identified (e.g., Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1997; Higgins Duxbury, 1992). WFC was originally operationalized as an uni-dimensional construct (Kopelman, Greenhaus, Connolly, 1983). The recent studies by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams (2000) and Frone et al. (1992, 1997) have explained that work family conflict is a multidimentional concept work can interfere family; (WIF) as well as family can interfere work; (FIW). Frone (2003) reported a four dimensional model of work-family balance, that is direction of influence between work and family roles (i.e. work-to-family and family to work) and type of effect (conflict versus facilitation). The studies by Aryee, Luk, Leung and Lo (1999); Frone, (2003); Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian (1996) and Williams and Alliger, (1994) reported that the prevalence of WIF conflict is greater than FIW conflict. A study by Roehling, Moen, and Batt (2003) reported that family life enhances work life to a greater degree than work life enhances family life. Marks (1977) (also see Sieber, 1974) proposed a theoretical alternative to the scarcity theory, which he called the role expansion theory. The role expansion theory Marks proposed assumed that human energy is abundant and participation in one role could also have a positive effect on the other role. The potential benefits of engaging in both work and family roles have largely been overlooked (Brockwood, Hammer, Neal, 2003; Hanson, Colton, Hammer, 2003). The terms work and family enrichment, positive spillover, work and family enhancement and work and family facilitation are used for the positive relationship between work and family. Work and family facilitation is a form of synergy in which resources associated with one role enhance or make participation in the other role easier (Voydanoff, 2004a). Better functioning of both work and family adds a more positive look at the interaction between work and home, allowing for the possibility of synergy between work and home (Zedeck, 1992 ). ODriscoll (1996) examined the processes of role enhancement where multiple roles energize the individuals and give them more satisfaction in work and family roles. In addition, employees today are more likely to express a strong desire to have a harmonious balance between work and family (Offermann Gowing, 1990; Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Barnett and Hyde (2001) also proposed an expansionist theory of work and family and they explained several benefits of combining multiple roles. They stated that multiple roles give benefits such as added income, more sources of social support, greater self complexity and more shared experiences between men and women. The success in one role can buffer failure in another role. The idea of an interaction between work and family comes from statistical models where two effects combine to provide something that is greater than would have been predicted from either one alone ( Halpern Murphy, 2005, p. 4). Research has also found a modest positive correlation between work and family commitment (Marks MacDermid, 1996). The exchange theory of Pittman (1994) defines work-family fit as an assessment of the balance between the spheres and may be considered the acceptability to the multidimensional exchange between a family and work organization (p. 135). Pittman referred to work-family fit as an assessment of balance between work and family. There are many empirical studies that have abundantly examined work-home conflict, whereas there have been fewer studies on positive work-home interaction (Geurts Demerouti, 2003). At the same time, there are few instruments available to measure work and family balance than work and family conflict (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, Grzywacz, 2006). Later in this paper I discuss work and family from the scarcity theory perspective in more detail. Theoretical Models related to Work and Family Research Researchers have proposed a several ways in which the work and family domains may be linked (Edwards Rothbard, 2000; Lambert, 1990). Earlier work and family research were based on three popular hypotheses (Cohen, 1997): segregation (segmentation), compensation, and spillover. Segregation refers to the separation of work and family in which there is no systematic connection between work and family roles (Edwards Rothbard, 2000). Segregation also refers to the separation of work and family from the psychological, physical, temporal and functional point of view, and suggests that this is the best way to keep a boundary between work and family (Lambert, 1990). Compensation refers to the negative relationship between the work and family role. If a person is dissatisfied in one role of life, it offsets satisfaction in another (Burke Greenglass, 1987). Spillover can be seen in terms of work and family mood, value, skills, and behavior spillover. The spillover model of work and family ref ers to the positive and negative feelings, attitudes and behaviors that might emerge in one domain and are carried over into the other (Googins, 1991, p. 9). Kabanoff and O Brien (1980) have expanded the spillover and compensation hypothesis by analyzing the work and family activities in five dimensions (autonomy, variety, skill utilization, pressure and social interaction). A comprehensive model of the work-family interface was developed and tested by Frone et al. (1992a). This model introduced a major change in the theories of work and family conflict. The model extended prior research by explicitly distinguishing between work interfering with family and family interfering with work. This distinction allowed testing of hypothesis concerning the unique antecedents and outcomes of both forms of work-family conflict and the reciprocal relationship between them. Frone et al. (1997) developed an integrative model of the work-family interface. This model extends prior work by Frone et al. (1992a). Although this present model adopts the distinction between WIF and FIW, several important changes have been incorporated. First, a more explicit attempt is made to model the reciprocal (i.e., feedback) relations between work and family life. Second, a distinction is drawn between proximal and distal predictors of work-family conflict. Third, the relations between work-family conflict and role related affect have been differentiated into predictive and outcome relations. Finally, role related behavior and behavioral intentions have been explicitly incorporated into the model. Bronfenbrenner (1989) developed an ecological systems theory which stands in contrast to the individual, deterministic perspective of the structural-functionalist role theory. The ecological systems theory suggests that the work-family experience is a joint function of process, person, context and time characteristics. Ecological theory suggests that each type of characteristic exerts an additive, and potentially interactive, effect on the work-family experience. Researchers have used this framework to guide the study of work-family conflict (e.g., Grzywacz, 2000; Hammer, Bauer, Grandey, 2003; Voydanoff, 2002). From the perspective of ecological systems theory, work, community and family are microsystems consisting of networks of face-to-face relationships (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). When two or more microsystems are interrelated, such as work, family and community, the processes connecting them form two types of mesosystems. In one way, we can find direct relationships within one or mo re microsystems. The relationship within the work, family and community may be positive or negative, unidirectional or reciprocal. From another perspective, we can see the combined effect of these microsystems on individual, community and work outcomes. Grzywacz and Marks (2000) examined the work and family interface using the ecological systems theory. They found four dimensions in the experience of the work and family interface: negative work-to-family spillover, negative family to work spillover, positive work to family spillover and positive family to work spillover. Also, they reported that the ecological resources at work (i.e. decision latitude, co-worker and supervisor support) and family (i.e. spouse and family support) were associated with lower levels of negative spillover and higher level of positive work-family spillover. They also found that ecological barriers at work (i.e. work pressure) and family (i.e. spouse disagreement and family criticism burden) was associated with higher levels of negative work-family spillover. Senecal, Vallerand and Guay (2001) proposed and tested a model of work-family conflict based on the Self-Determination Theory and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Individuals who perform an activity out of choice and pleasure regulate their behaviour in a self-determined manner. Individuals also do activities out of internal and external pressures, which regulate their behavior in a non-self-determined way (Deci Ryan, 1985; 1991). The model posits that positive interpersonal factors both at work (i.e. ones employer) and at home (e.g. ones spouse) influence work and family motivation. But low levels of self-determined motivation towards the two life contexts (work and family) facilitate the experience of family alienation, which leads to work-family conflict. Finally, work-family conflict leads to feelings of emotional exhaustion. Results from structural equation modeling supported this model. Although the model was supported by data from both men and wom en, some sex differences were uncovered at the mean level. Voydanoff (2002) proposed a conceptual model that links the work-family interface to work, family and individual outcomes through several mediating mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive assessment of work and family conflict, role balance or role enhancement. This relationship may be moderated by social categories and coping resources. The assessment of conflict, balance or enhancement can result in either work-family role strain or work-family role ease. Then, depending on the extent of strain or ease, individuals and families pursue various work-family adaptive strategies designed to improve or facilitate adjustment to various aspects of work and family interface. The success of these strategies is indicated by the extent of perceived work-family fit. Work-family fit is related directly to work, family and individual outcomes. Lastly, work-family adaptive strategies are proposed as having feedback effects on the work family interface. Boundary theory (Ashforth, Kreiner, Fugate, 2000; Nippert-Eng, 1996) and Border theory (Clark, 2000; Michelson Johnson, 1997) state that each one of a persons roles takes place within a specific domain of life, and these that domains are separated by borders that may be physical, temporal, or psychological (Ashforth et al. 2000; Clark, 2000). Boundary/border theory specifically addresses the issue of crossing borders between domains. Although this theory is relevant to all domains of life, its most common application is to the domains of home and work. According to the boundary/border theory, the flexibility and permeability of the boundaries between peoples work and family lives will affect the level of integration, the ease of transitions, and the level of conflict between these domains (Ashforth et al. 2000; Clark, 2000; Nippert-Eng, 1996). Loy and Frenkel (2005) present societal cultural models of work and family. They explained that societal cultures vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and region. They explained that although the number of dual-earner families has risen in all industrialized nations countries, the families vary in the ways they address work-family conflict, in part, due to differences in societal cultures. Recognizing the importance of cultural models of gender, work and family has consequences for the construction of states and organizational policies. Hobfoll (1989) developed the conservation of resources (COR) model. According to this model individuals seek to acquire and maintain resources including objects, personal characteristics, conditions and energies. Stress occurs when there is a loss of resources or a threat of loss. The COR model proposes that work and family conflict leads to stress because resources (e.g., time and energy) are lost in the process of juggling both work and family roles p. 352). Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) argue that the conservation of resources model is an improvement over role theory. Until recently, work and family researchers have relied mainly upon role theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964). According to the COR model role theory has some limitations because it has paid less attention to family roles. On the other hand, the COR model encompasses several stress theories, and explains stress outcomes for both intra and interrole stress. The individual difference variables in stress patterns are also included in the COR model and treated as resources. Finally, the COR model also provides an additional insight that has not been widely considered in WFC literature. The model has emphasis on threatened resources and suggests that certain critical events are the source of stress as well. The Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) study is the only study which has tested the application of the COR model to work and family research. An extensive body of research is based on theories of role strain and role enhancement and addresses the effects of performing multiple roles (in the family and the work place). According to role theorists, a role is a set of activities or behaviors that others expect an individual to perform (Kahn et al. 1964). Thus, an increase in roles gives rise to an increase in role conflict. Role stress theory proposes that the greater the role accumulation, the greater the demands and role incompatibility and the greater the role conflict and strain (Burr, Leigh, Day, Constantine, 1979; Goode, 1960). Role conflict is defined as the simultaneous occurrence of two (or more) sets of role pressures such that compliance with one would make more difficult the compliance with the other (Kahn et al. 1964, p. 19). At the same time a number of empirical studies support role enhancement theory (e.g., Barnet and Hyde, 2001; Waldron, Weiss, Sieber, 1974). After the development of all the above-mentioned models in work and family, Carlson et al. (2000) proposed a six-dimensional model of work and family conflict. Their model include three forms of conflict (time based, strain based and behavior based conflict) and two directions of conflict (WIF and FIW) which results in a six-dimensional model of work and family conflict (see figure 1). Figure1. (Source: Carlson, Kacmar, Williams, 2000, p. 251). Explain the model describe Antecedents and Consequences of Work and Family Jacobs and Gerson (2001) reported that the vast increase in working mothers, single parents and dual earner couples means that more workers than ever are attempting to balance work and family life. As a result, the majority of working parents feel that they have a shortage of time to fulfill their multiple life roles (Hochschild, 1997). Researchers have considered a number of different variables as possible antecedents of WIF and FIW. Consistent with the classification scheme of Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, and Brinley (2005) regarding antecedents of work-family conflict, antecedents can be classified into three categories: work domain variables, non-work domain variables, and individual and demographic variables. Work domain variables and work and family conflict There are more studies examining the work domain as predictors of WFC than the family domain as predictors of FWC. WIF interaction has been given more research attention than that given to FIW interaction (Eagle, Miles, Icenogle, 1997; Higgins Duxbury, 1992). Job demands, job control and social support were the most discussed antecedents of work. The Job Demand- Control (JDC) model reported two crucial job aspects in the work situation: job demands and job control (Karasek, 1979). In the 1980s, a social dimension was added to this model and called job demand-control and support (JDCS) model. Job demands refer to the work load, and have been operationalized mainly in terms of time pressure and role conflict (Karasek, 1985). The central component of job demand is the tasks mental workload and the mental alertness or arousal needed to carry out the task. Three types of job demands are included in this theory: time demands, monitoring demands and problem solving demands (Karasek Theor ell, 1990, p. 63). The job characteristics mentioned by the demands, control and support models have been reported in a number of work and family studies (e.g., Grzywacz Butler, 2005; Grzywacz Marks, 2000; ODriscoll, Ilgen, Hildreth, 1992; Pal Saksvik, 2006; 2008). Employees who had higher job demand, lower job control and less social support were more likely to experience high levels of work-family conflict (Grzywacz Marks, 2000; Pleck, Staines, Lang, 1980). At the same time, there are many studies focused on working hours, long hours of work, long days and the relation to WFC (Carlson Perrewe, 1999; Grzywacz Marks, 2000; Keith Schafer, 1980; Pleck, et al. 1980; Reich, 2000). A natural conclusion is that those who work long hours and days are not able to give time to the family. The average number of hours a couple worked in America in 1997 was ten hours a week more than the average couple in 1970 (Jacobs Gerson, 1998). Toterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, and Folkard (1995 ) reported that employees who work in different shifts reported work and family conflict because shift work leads to sleep disturbance and interferes with social life. Demerouti, Geurts, Bakker and Euwema (2004), in a study on military police, reported that fixed non day shifts including weekends (i.e., during highly valuable times) should be avoided in order to minimize the conflict between work and family. Length and difficulties of the commute to and from work has also been shown to be related to WIF conflict (Bohen Viveros-Long, 1981; Pleck et al. 1980). The relocation of work also gives rise to negative work and family consequences (Munton, 1990). Management support and recognition (Burke, 1988; Love, Galinsky, Hughes, 1987), the levels of work role assigned to work roles (Greenhaus and Kopelman, 1981; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1987), role overload at work (Bacharach et al., 1991), and individuals highly involved in work (Frone et al. 1992a; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, Granrose, Rabinowitz Beutell, 1989; Hammer, Allen, Grigsby, 1997) are also important factors related to WIF conflict. Job insecurity or concern over losing ones job is a strain based demand that threatens the economic well-being necessary for the stability and quality of family life. The stress associated with job insecurity reduces interpersonal availability and limits effective participation in family life. One study reported that job insecurity is positively related to WFC for men and women (Batt Valcour, 2003), whereas another study found this relationship for women but not for men (Kinnunen Mauno, 1998). Several studies also reported a significant relationship between WFC and job satisfaction (Coverman, 1989; Rice, Frone, Mcfarlin, 1992). Organizational commitment is another work-related variable that has been studied in association with WFC. Netemeyer et al. (1996); Good et al., (1998) and ODriscoll et al. (1992) found that as WFC increases, the organizational commitment decreases. Greater levels of WFC are associated with increased intentions to leave the organization (Grandey Cropanzano, 1999; Good et al. 1988). Wayne, Musica and Fleeson (2004) and Grandey, Cordeiro, and Crouter (2005) proposed that attributing the source of the work and family conflict to the work domain is associated with reduced satisfaction with the work role, whereas attributing it to the family domain contributes to lower marital quality. Research suggests that a supportive organizational culture, supervisor, or mentor is generally beneficial in reducing WFC. Several studies have found that work support (Carlson Perrewe, 1999; Greenhaus et al. 1987; Thompson, Beauvais, Lyness, 1999), the availability of work-family benefits (Thompson et al., 1999), having a mentor (Nielson et al. 2001), receiving more role modeling and overall mentor support (Nielson et al. 2001), and having a mentor who was perceived as having similar work-family values (Nielson et al., 2001) are related to less WFC. At the same time, job satisfaction buffers the relationship between hours spent helping parents and psychological distress for mothers (Voydanoff Donnelly, 1999). Having a flexible work schedules is ranked as the most valuable benefit option for employees (Allen, 2001). Family domain variables and family and work conflict Numerous studies have examined characteristics of the family domain as predictors of WFC and family involvement as adversely influenced by work-related concerns (Burke Greenglass, 1987). Research into WIF conflict and FIW conflict antecedents in the family domain has found positive linkages between WIF conflict and FIW conflict and marital status (Herman Gyllstrom, 1977), size and developmental stage of the family (Herman Gyllstrom, 1977; Keith Schafer, 1980), level of importance assigned to family roles (Greenhaus Parasuraman, 1987), family stressors (parental workload, extent of childrens misbehavior, lack of spouse support, and the degree of tension in the marital relationship) and family involvement (Frone et al. 1992a). Negative relationships were found between WIF conflict and spouse and family support (Bruke, 1988; Greenhaus Kopelman, 1981). Indeed, Suchet and Barling (1986) found evidence for spouse support as a moderator of WIF. A study by Higgins and Duxbury (1992) wh ich revealed that males in dual career couples (that is, male breadwinner and fulltime housewife) found WFC related to life satisfaction. Studies by Bedeian, Burke and Moffett (1988); Greenhaus, Bedeian and Mossholder (1987), and Parasuraman et al. (1989) found that WFC was strongly related to quality of life. Some studies that take into account the bi-directional nature of work-home interferences suggest that home characteristics are more likely to foster home-work interference. For example, Frone et al. (1992a) have shown that whereas job stressors were positively related to work work interferes with family, family stressors (e.g. parental workload and lack of spouse support) were positively related to family interfering with work. They even argue that the positive relationships between family stressors and WHI suggested and documented in previous research (e.g. Burke, 1988; Kopelman et al. 1983; Voydanoff, 1988) are, in fact, indirect relationships through family interferes with work. Individual and demographic variables Gender, marital status and age are frequently described as the most important demographic characteristics influencing work and family. Byron (2005) found that demographic variables tend were weak predictors of WIF and FIW; although they did tended to have indirect effects on WIF and FIW. This coincides with recent theory that supports the use of social categories as moderators in the work-family literature (Voydanoff, 2002). In general, being male appears to exacerbate any negative effects of family domain antecedents, such as family stress, family conflict, number of children, and marital status, related to work-family conflict. Paradoxically, females tend to enjoy greater protective benefits from those antecedents, such as flexible work schedules, and, to some extent supportive families, which lessen the experience of interferences. Ones life stages also influence work and family conflict (Barnett, Gareis, James, Steele, 2003). A study by Burke and Greenglass (1999) found that age is positively related to work-family conflict. Grazywacs and Marks (2000) examined the effects of age on the experience of positive and negative work and family interaction. They found that young men reported more negative spillover between work and family and less positive spillover between family to work than older men, while younger women reported more positive spillover from work to family, and more negative spillover from family to work than did older women. Personality should also be given greater consideration in understanding how an individual views and experience multiple life roles (Carlson, 1999; Wayne et al. 2004). Friede and Ryan (2005) discuss the role of personality in interpreting work and family. Behavior based conflict is also linked to the personality of an individual and is one of the main predictors of WFC. Carlson (1999) reported that it occurs when there is incompatibility between the behaviors at either the work place or the home. Personality can influence the actual type and amount of work and family role requirements that an individual experiences his or her, perception of work and family role requirements and the approach to work and family interface. There is the need for a greater recognition of individual differences in work and family theorizing. Some may ignore this because of a concern that focusing on individual differences, such as personality, is not a key influence of work and family conflict and work and family enhancement. But this may lead to viewing problems in work and life balancing as individual responsibility, with little or no accountability on the part of the firm or of societal institutions (Friede Ryan, 2005, p. 204). Emotional stability (Kinnunen, Vermulst, Gerris, Makikangas, 2003) and self esteem (Greenhaus Powell, 2003) are also linked to the work-family conflict. Finally, researchers discovered that interpersonal attachment styles (Sumer Knight, 2001), and psychological involvement in work and family roles (Adams, King, King, 1996; Frone et al. 1992a) are linked to work and family conflict. Importance research Topics in Work and Family Study Gender and work-family interface- Gender refers to the set of culturally expected personality, behavior, and attitude attributes associated with being male or female in any given society. Much gendering takes place in the context of family, where the feminine social ideals are what makes a good mother or a good daughter or a good wife, and the masculine social ideals are reflected in notions of the ideal father or the ideal husband (Simon, 1995). The literature on gender, work and family reveals that a gender difference is found when interpreting work and family. Women exper

Mcmurphy a christ figure Essay

Bromden and McMurphy are led to the electroshock room after they stood up for George, a fellow ward inhabitant, and assaulted the employees. As they anticipate the electroshock therapy, Bromden is nervous and afraid. However, McMurphy strangely expresses optimism despite the grave situation. The passage in which McMurphy gets prepared for the treatment clearly alludes to a martyr, specifically Jesus Christ. McMurphy even refers to himself as a Christ figure when he asks, â€Å"Do I get a crown of thorns?† McMurphy sacrifices himself for his friends in the wards. He gives up his own mind and life for Bromden, George, Billy, and the others so that they could have hope, a daring light breaking the austere darkness. Also, like Christ, McMurphy accepts his sacrifice with some sort of willingness, obligation, and tried optimism. Though McMurphy may not have been as polite as Christ would have (â€Å"Hooee, those Chinese Commies could have learned a few things from you, lady,† from McMurphy to Nurse Ratched), he admits his treatment somewhat graciously and definitely intrepidly. He sings and â€Å"makes their (employees’) hands shake,† certainly intimidating the workers, which is true of Jesus when his responses and reactions intimidate his executor, Pilate. Kesey presents McMurphy as a strong figure but still vulnerable to pain as the reader can observe after he receives multiple shock therapies. He endures them as optimistically as he can, but Bromden can see that they weary him, just like how the lashing wearied Christ. Most people know the history of Jesus Christ, so the reader can foretell the ending of the story using the apparent allusions in the passage. In conclusion, the story forebodes McMurphy’s inevitable and important death, similar to that of Christ’s. His sac rifice essentially breaks limits within the ward, and in the bigger picture, within society as well.

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The Aeneid Is An Epic Poem - 1715 Words

The Aeneid is an epic poem written in 20 B.C by Virgil, the pre-eminent poet of the Roman Empire. It is based on the Greek oral tradition Homer s Iliad and Odyssey. Virgil seeks to establish the greatness of Rome by linking the foundation of Rome to the legends of Troy. In this masterpiece, he delicately pictures men and women with opposite characteristics. Men are rational and calm while women are emotional and chaotic which are represented by Neptune and Juno in sequence. Through this, Virgil foreshadows what might happen to Dido and Aeneas later on, and also sets a base for gender stereotypes to our modern world. The poem begins with the fleet of the Trojan which was led by Aeneas, in the eastern Mediterranean. They are heading†¦show more content†¦Her actions are even more violent. When all of the reasons come together, it is like a bait for the fire. Saturnian Juno, burning for it all (43). Virgil’s descriptions are assembled to portrait her as a volcano which is on the edge of eruption. Juno is also mentioned in the book The Man of Authority: Images of Power in Virgil’s Aeneid, written by Par Sandin - a Greek author. Juno, calls on her vassal king Aeolus, lord of winds, and orders him to release a storm to hinder Aeneas on his mission. As a reward for his services he is promised the fair nymph Deiopea in marriage. Aeolus raises the storm, letting the winds out of their prison and cause havoc among Aeneas and his crew (189). This is why in her rage, Juno said: Buffeted on the waste of sea those Trojans. She wants to drown Aeneas and his men into the sea. Her actions are so wild and irrational. Juno represents women with irrational, jealousy, chaos, and anger. In contrast, Neptune represents men with rational, calm, and come with authority. Neptune takes notice and is infuriated by Juno s intrusion into his domain. 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