The Nomination Process For A Site - 1799 Words

The nomination process for a site to be considered on the World Heritage List is comprised of five steps, which include the tentative list, nomination file, advisory bodies, World Heritage Committee, and criteria for selection. The tentative list is where a country makes an inventory of all cultural and natural heritages within the site s boundaries. This tentative list may be submitted for inscription for the next five to ten years, and can be updated at any time. This step needs to take place before the World Heritage Committee can consider a site for inscription on the World Heritage. The nomination file includes all necessary documentation and maps of the site. This nomination can then be submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review. Once complete the file can then be sent to the appropriate Advisory Bodies for evaluation. There are two Advisory Bodies. Both of which evaluate a site that is being nominated, and include the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These committees provide evaluations on a site. There is a third Advisory Body known as the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). This last group provides expert advice as to the conservation of cultural sites, along with training activities. The World Heritage Committee will then make a final decision on whether a site will receive an inscription. This committee meets once aShow MoreRelatedWhat it Takes for a Site to be Inscribe on the UNESCO World Heritage List917 Words   |  4 PagesThe process required for a site to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List is long and complicated. It has four main steps, each of which are a process in themselves: placement on a tentative list, submission of a nomination file, evaluation by an Advisory Body, and a final decision by the World Heritage Committee. The entire process usually takes about a year and a half, bu t can vary depending of the time taken for each step (World Heritage Ireland, 2010). In order to submit sites to theRead MoreUnesco And The World Heritage List1539 Words   |  7 PagesConvention as a way to protect sites of exceptional worldwide importance (UNESCO, 2012). This convention was later ratified by 191 countries, making it almost globally accepted. The World Heritage List is made up of outstanding places that are to be safeguarded for future generations. These places include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Galà ¡pagos Islands in Ecuador, as well as the Acropolis in Greece. 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The Fourth Amendment Free Essays

Abstract This paper will investigate the fourth amendment, unlawful search and seizure, and will explain what is considered to be unlawful and what is not. This paper will also discuss the right of privacy that Americans are entitled to as citizens of the United States. Events that have marked history in regards to the fourth amendment will also be explored, explaining the nature of searches and the key components that coincide. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fourth Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The court ruling in the historic case of Arizona vs. Gant will be explored in detail. This court case set out to establish what was actually considered unlawful, and what guidelines must be followed to be considered lawful. The case suggests that because of probable case that a search would then in fact be lawful. But in this case it is discussed that even when probable cause is present, there is still factors that must be considered. Unlawful Search and Seizure Imagine being pulled over while driving on a suspended license; you are handcuffed, and placed in the backseat of a squad car, while the officer searches your car, without your consent. There you are sweating profusely, nervous of what may and will be found, and then it is found, in the glove box a gun and drugs. What should be said in defense? What should be done? Was this in fact a situation where unlawful search and seizure had taken place? Did this go against your constitutional rights as a citizen? There was no consent, but there was probable cause because of the suspended license. Imagine driving with friends and you are speeding. You are then pulled over, the officer smells marijuana, and arrest everyone inside of the vehicle. He then returns to the vehicle, and searches it finding cocaine in a jacket coat pocket. Was this too an act of unlawful search and seizure? Did this go against your reasonable expectation of privacy? The Bill of Rights Many of us may struggle when it comes to knowledge about laws, and our constitutional rights as citizens. We want to protect ourselves from situations that may be unconstitutional, but may not be aware of our rights when unconstitutional behavior occurs. When The U. S. Constitution was ratified in 1788 and 1799 there were not many laws set in place in regards to the criminal justice system. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment was adopted as a response to the abusive search and seizure practices used by the British government during the American colonial period. The colonists were particularly concerned about broad, particularized searches performed under the authority of general warrants. General warrants authorized searches for persons or papers not named specifically in the warrant† (Josephson, 1996). The U. S. Constitution did not set forth the rights of individuals in enough detail; so ten amendments were added in 1791, and were called the Bill of Rights (Cole Smith, 2011). According to Cole and Smith (2011), The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments that were added to the U. S. Constitution to provide specific rights for individuals, including criminal justice rights concerning searches, trials, and punishments. Unlawful search and seizure is the fourth amendment, which is a part of the first ten amendments. Unlawful Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment states: the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath and affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cole Smith, 2011). Unlawful search and seizure was made to limit the capability of law enforcement officers to search a person or property in order to obtain evidence. It is believed that law enforcement should not be able to pursue criminals at all cost. A search is a court document that gives law enforcement the authority to examine and hunt for evidence in or on a person or place in a manner that intrudes on reasonable expectations of privacy (Cole Smith, 2011). The reasonable expectation of privacy, that was developed by the courts, is normally from the government; but if there is probable cause law enforcement can receive an search warrant from a judge and search wherever the warrant states. A seizure is a situation in which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be â€Å"unreasonable† according to the Fourth Amendment (Cole Smith, 2011). All types of things can be seized such as a person’s freedom, which is also called an arrest, and also even property. Law enforcement must ensure that there is probable cause because if not that is an infringement of that person’s right. Being unconstitutional can lead to fines, and law enforcement officers even losing their jobs, depending on the severity of the situation. Requirements of the Fourth Amendment There are requirements that law enforcement are expected to be knowledgeable of and have to follow, even while trying to catch criminals. The requirements are probable cause, affidavit, and describing the place being searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cole Smith, 2011). Probable cause is the amount of reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is guilty of a crime (Cole Smith, 2011). In order for search and seizure to take place there has to be probable cause. Affidavit is a written statement, which is supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant. The place or person to be searched or seized has to be described in detail to help establish if probable cause is reasonable. There are however, exceptions to the probable cause and warrant requirements. Some exceptions are investigatory detentions, warrantless arrest, searches incidents to a valid arrest, seizures of items in plain view, exigent circumstances, consent searches, vehicle searches, container searches, border searches, searchers at sea, administrative searches, and searches in which the special needs of law enforcement make the probable cause requirement impractical (Calsyn et al. , 1998). A warrantless search can be conducted if law enforcement believes that the evidence is imminent danger of being moved or destroyed. Also if there is belief that law enforcement may be in danger they may enter a dwelling and conduct a full warrantless search (Calsyn et al. , 1998). The Fourth Amendment does not require law enforcement to have a warrant when searching vehicles when they have probable cause. The â€Å"automobile exception† to the warrant requirement stems from both the inherent mobility of vehicles, which often creates exigent circumstances that make obtaining a warrant impractical, and the reduce expectation of privacy due to configuration, use, and regulation of automobiles (Calsyn et al. 1998). â€Å"In certain circumstances, law enforcement officers may lawfully arrest persons without an arrest warrant. Such arrests are permitted for any offense committed by the arrestee in the presence of a law enforcement officer and for any felony that an officer has probable cause to believe the arrestee has committed. After making a warrantless arrest, an officer must promptly secure a judicial dete rmination of probable cause. The probable cause required to make a lawful warrantless arrest is identical to the probable cause required to secure an arrest warrant (Calsyn et al. 1998). According to Nolo (2012), the fourth amendment only applies to a search if a person has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or thing searched. If not, the Fourth Amendment offers no protection because there are, by definition, no privacy issues. For example, when the police look for and find a weapon on the front seat of a car, it is not considered a search under the fourth amendment because it is very unlikely that the person would think that the front seat of the car is a private place and expectation of privacy is unlikely. Even if the individual did, society is not willing to extend the protections of privacy to that particular location. On the opposing side, a person who uses a public restroom expects not to be spied upon and most people, including judges and juries would consider that expectation of privacy to be reasonable Therefore, the installation of a hidden video camera by the police in a public restroom will be considered a search and would be subject to the fourth amendment’s requirement of reasonableness. However, the fourth amendment does permit searches and seizures that are considered reasonable. In practice, this means that the police may override your privacy concerns and conduct a search of you, your home, barn, car, boat, office, personal or business documents, bank account records, trash barrel, or whatever, if the police have probable cause to believe they can find evidence that you committed a crime, and a judge issues a search warrant, or the particular circumstances justify the search without a warrant first being issued (Nolo 2012). The Supreme Court has ruled that warrantless police conduct may comply with the Fourth Amendment so long as it is reasonable under the circumstances. The exceptions made to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement reflect the Court’s reluctance to unduly impede the job of law enforcement officials. The Court has attempted to strike a balance between the practical realities of daily police work and the privacy and freedom interests of the public (FindLaw 2012). A warrant is a document issued by the courts allowing law enforcement to search your private property. All that is needed to obtain a warrant is probable cause, meaning there must be sufficient reason based upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime. Also, as explained by The Lecture Law Library (1995-2012), the fourth amendment provides no protection for what a person knowingly exposes to the public. For instance a man’s facial characteristics, or handwriting, his voice is repeatedly produced for others to hear. No person can have a reasonable expectation that others will not know the sound of his voice, any more than he can reasonably expect that his face will be a mystery to the world. These are simply a fraction of the examples as to when the fourth amendment of unlawful search and seizure does not apply. Courts use a two-part test established by the U. S. Supreme Court to determine whether, at the time of the search, a defendant had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or things searched. Evaluating whether or not the person actually expected some degree of privacy and if the person’s expectation is one that society is willing to recognize? Also, if upon review, a court finds that an unreasonable search occurred, any evidence seized as a result of the search cannot be used as direct evidence against the defendant in a criminal prosecution, state or federal. This rule, established by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1961, has come to be known as the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution. Many commentators criticize the exclusionary rule on the ground that it unfairly lets the criminal go free simply due to error. Adversely, the rule’s supporters argue that excluding illegally seized evidence is necessary to deter police from conducting illegal searches. According to this deterrence argument, the police won’t conduct improper searches if the resulting evidence can’t be used to convict the defendant. In addition to being excluded as evidence against the defendant, evidence resulting from an illegal search may not be used to discover other evidence, under a legal rule colorfully known as the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine. The â€Å"tree† is the evidence that the police illegally seize in the first place; the â€Å"fruit† is the second-generation product of the illegally seized evidence; both tree and fruit are inadmissible at trial (Nolo 2012). Moreover, when the fourth amendment is broken there are consequences that are handled by the courts. The Knock-and-Announce Requirement This requirement is meant to protect the security, privacy, and property interest of people in their homes (Josephson, 1996). â€Å"The knock-and-announce rule requires that police officers give notion of both their authority and purpose to the occupants of a residence to be searched. Before breaking and entering the premises to search, officers must also give the occupants a reasonable opportunity to voluntarily allow the police to enter† (Josephson, 1996). This rule has to be follow even if officers do have a warrant. This rule also serves for protection for the officers that are entering a home owner home. Citizens have an expectation to privacy and with this rule it allows the occupants to give consent to enter. Arizona v. Gant This case was taken all the way to the U. S. Supreme Court, and is used as a guideline for what is considered constitutional in regards to Unlawful Search and Seizure. The facts of the case states that Gant was arrested for driving with a suspended license. He then was handcuffed and placed in the backseat of an officer car. While under arrest the officers searches his car. The officers find cocaine in a jacket pocket (The Daily Record, 2009, p. 1). Gant’s motion to dismiss the evidence was denied and he was convicted of drug charges. â€Å"Reversing, the State Supreme Court distinguished New York v. Belton, which held that police may search the passenger compartment of a vehicle and any containers therein as a contemporaneous incident of recent occupants lawful arrest on grounds that it concerned the scope of a search incident to arrest but did not answer the question whether officers may conduct such a search once the scene has been secured† (Justia. com, 2009). One major concern was of the officer’s safety if the occupant was allowed to be within the reach of the area being searched. This could be absolutely dangers for the officer and could endanger the public. Under the Gant ruling, if an officer wishes to search the vehicle of an arrested suspect, he or she may delay handcuffing the suspect until after the search is complete (NJ. com, 2009). This allows the occupant to be able to access his car while being searched. Conclusion The Fourth Amendment is the primary, essential limit on the power of governments in the U. S. to inquire into people’s lives, arrest them, and take their property. It is also what prevents governments and their agents from invading citizens’ privacy. In a society that both deplores crime and values liberty, there will always be a tension between law enforcement interests and the privacy of individuals. The tools and system of the fourth amendment are as followed: Is it governmental conduct? Does the defendant have a legitimate expectation of privacy? Will society protect the defendant’s expectation as objectively reasonable? And was a warrant issued? If any of the stated reason within the system of unlawful search and seizure hold true then there I no violation of the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment to the U. S. onstitution places limits on the power of the police to make arrests, search people and their property, and seize objects and contraband, such as illegal drugs or weapons. The amendment of unlawful search and seizure is one of ten amendments within The Bill of Rights and reads as follows: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Nolo 2012). † References Arizona v. Gant. (2009). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://supreme. justia. com/cases/federal/us/556/07-542/ Calsyn, J. D. , Hale, B. C. , Kranz, H. , Grossman, M. R. , Kim, N. E. (1998). Warrantless searches and seizures. Georgetown Law Journal, 86, 1214-1288. Cole, G. F. , Smith C. E. , (2011) Criminal Justice (6th ed. ). Belmont, California: Wadsworth. Josephson, M. (1996). Fourth amendment–must police knock and announce themselves before e. g. Microsoft Corporation (1995-2012). The Fourth Amendment [U. S. Constitution]. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. lectlaw. com/def/f081. htm. (2012). The Fourth Amendment How to cite The Fourth Amendment, Papers

Role of Project Methodologies in Business-Free-Sample for Sister

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Define what a Methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2.Familiarise yourselves with the various Methodologies in the list below. Choose two Methodologies from this list to compare and contrast, analysing the similarities and differences between them both. 3.Finally, identify how your chosen Methodologies and Processes relate to the Project Life Cycle. Answers: Introduction Project management is very important for the success of the business. Methodologies are also considered as an important part of the project, it is a set of principle and it supports in managing the project. With the help of methodologies, the project can be managed and goes in the right direction and also manage the project team in the right direction. This report of project management will be helpful for understanding the different types of methodologies of the project and it also helps in selecting the right methodologies for the project life cycle. 1.Project Methodologies Project methodologies are very important for the project and it works on some set of principle. Project methodologies are suitable for the business and by adopting this policy project manager of the company can complete the project in a proper way with good quality( Koivusalo, 2015). Role of Methodologies in project management Working on the big project is always a big challenge for the company and definitely, there are big risks on the big project, before working on the big project should have to learn about the project methodologies how they perform on the big project. Along this with the help project methodologies, it reduces the risks and chance of success of the project are increased(Hill, 2013). By the help of project methodologies, it leads the staff and staff of the company work as a collaborative team, and also creates an environment. In which staff can also share their view, ideas and plans so which also helps them in projects 2.Types of Project Methodologies The methodologies help the project manager in taking the right decision and in an effective manner of the project. After adopting these policy managers have the capabilities of taking the right decisions and also take the project in the right direction( Koivusalo, 2015). In these project methodologies, there are various types of the methodologies for various types of project; the project manager will have to select the correct methodologies for their project so that with help of these methodologies project can go in the right direction. Selecting the right methodologies is help in completing the project in an effective manner, if we select wrong methodologies it affect the project and project will go in the wrong directions Some of the methodologies are as follows-: Agile: an It is a very important method in this it collects the all the features of the project and then delivered the needs related to this project. Some of the features of this are as follows-: improvement in product and process, the involvement of customers, manage time, delivery of product, flexible, highly collaborative(Cren, 2016). Scrum: This is very important method it is used for allowing the small self-managing, cross functional and also provides the requirements related to project. Kanab: This method is used for completing the work very fast and increase the progress of work. Lean: This method is used for completing the work in a short way and in a given time period. Waterfall: This is the important method it is used for creating and preparing the project and after preparation of project plan they imply small phase of the project(Hill, 2013). The features of waterfall methodologies are as follows-: manage activities, well documented, highly structured, sequential process. Prince2-: This method is used for controlling the project and managing it and help in taking the project in the right way. PMIs PMBOK-: This method is used in different types of projects in this universal standards for waterfall project management and helps in taking the decision. Difference between Agile and Waterfall methodology Difference between Agile and Waterfall methodology are as follows-: S.no. Agile methodology Waterfall methodology 1 The agile methodology, it is a direct sequential method and provides requirements of the project(Clien, 2015). The waterfall methodology, it is a sequential model, in this project is divided into pre-defined stages that involve- scheme, probability, formation, scheduling, creation, and support. 2 It is a flexible method. It is considered as structured methodology and can be intransigent to a certain level(Cren, 2016). 3 In this methodology, the project is considered as a one and only single project, which is then allocated into diverse phases. The project is deliberated as many different projects. 4 This methodology permitted to make changes in the project as per requirements and the changes can be done in the beginning of the project. In this methodology, it does not permit to make changes in the project before the development of project start. 5 In these methodologies, in the development of the project, testing is done at the same time when programming is done(Davis, 2012). In this methodologies, the testing is done after the completion of programming. Similarity between Waterfall and Agile methodologies- Besides some above-mentioned differences the similarities between both methodologies are as follows-: Both of these methodologies are used for development and technical processes such as analysis, testing, and development. In these, same programmatic blocks are used such as performance, scope, and schedule 3.Agile Lifecycle The Agile methodology is used for understanding and determining the lifecycle of the project. It helps in working together with the help of project life cycle and support the various phase of project life cycle. (Source-https://cabforward.com/the-differences-between-lean-startup-and-agile-methodology/ Waterfall Lifecycle In the waterfall life cycle, the requirements are clearly defined once the project development work is started, changes cannot be done. Along with this, design, as well as prototype, supports the project lifecycle. (Sourcehttps://medium.com/synapse-india/waterfall-model-of-software-development-a-sure-fire-practice-for-your-professional-software-needs-4c8997419800) Conclusion In this report, we have discussed all types of project methodologies. In this report, we have selected the appropriate methodologies of various set of principle. Selecting the right methodologies help in completing the project in an effective manner. Decision-making process plays a very important role in taking the right decision in selecting the correct methodologies for achieving the objectives of the company. In this report, methodologies help in understanding the project life cycle. By the help of these methodologies work can be completed in an effective manner and with the good quality and with help of this it will go in the right direction and company can achieve their objectives in the limited time period. References Koivusalo, E. (2015, 11 2). Essentials of Project Management. Retrieved from www.itforbusiness.org: https://www.itforbusiness.org/article/essentials-of-project-management/ Clien, A. (2015). Agile Development in the Real World. Apress. Cren, M. L. (2016, 2 25). Top 13 Project Management Methodologies and Styles. Retrieved from www.blog.azendoo.com: https://blog.azendoo.com/top-project-management-methodologies-and-styles/ Davis, B. (2012). Agile Practices for Waterfall Projects. J. Ross Publishing. Hill, G. (2013). The Complete Project Management Methodology and Toolkit. CRC Press. Islam, K. (2013). Agile Methodology for Developing Measuring Learning. AuthorHouse.