The Nomination Process For A Site - 1799 Words

The nomination process for a site to be considered on the World Heritage List is comprised of five steps, which include the tentative list, nomination file, advisory bodies, World Heritage Committee, and criteria for selection. The tentative list is where a country makes an inventory of all cultural and natural heritages within the site s boundaries. This tentative list may be submitted for inscription for the next five to ten years, and can be updated at any time. This step needs to take place before the World Heritage Committee can consider a site for inscription on the World Heritage. The nomination file includes all necessary documentation and maps of the site. This nomination can then be submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review. Once complete the file can then be sent to the appropriate Advisory Bodies for evaluation. There are two Advisory Bodies. Both of which evaluate a site that is being nominated, and include the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These committees provide evaluations on a site. There is a third Advisory Body known as the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). This last group provides expert advice as to the conservation of cultural sites, along with training activities. The World Heritage Committee will then make a final decision on whether a site will receive an inscription. This committee meets once aShow MoreRelatedWhat it Takes for a Site to be Inscribe on the UNESCO World Heritage List917 Words   |  4 PagesThe process required for a site to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List is long and complicated. It has four main steps, each of which are a process in themselves: placement on a tentative list, submission of a nomination file, evaluation by an Advisory Body, and a final decision by the World Heritage Committee. The entire process usually takes about a year and a half, bu t can vary depending of the time taken for each step (World Heritage Ireland, 2010). In order to submit sites to theRead MoreUnesco And The World Heritage List1539 Words   |  7 PagesConvention as a way to protect sites of exceptional worldwide importance (UNESCO, 2012). This convention was later ratified by 191 countries, making it almost globally accepted. The World Heritage List is made up of outstanding places that are to be safeguarded for future generations. These places include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Galà ¡pagos Islands in Ecuador, as well as the Acropolis in Greece. 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These three marketplaces account for over 80% of revenue, with the remainder coming from Alibabas China wholesale sites, international commerce, cloud computing, an d other services. By operating some of the worlds largest

The Fourth Amendment Free Essays

Abstract This paper will investigate the fourth amendment, unlawful search and seizure, and will explain what is considered to be unlawful and what is not. This paper will also discuss the right of privacy that Americans are entitled to as citizens of the United States. Events that have marked history in regards to the fourth amendment will also be explored, explaining the nature of searches and the key components that coincide. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fourth Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The court ruling in the historic case of Arizona vs. Gant will be explored in detail. This court case set out to establish what was actually considered unlawful, and what guidelines must be followed to be considered lawful. The case suggests that because of probable case that a search would then in fact be lawful. But in this case it is discussed that even when probable cause is present, there is still factors that must be considered. Unlawful Search and Seizure Imagine being pulled over while driving on a suspended license; you are handcuffed, and placed in the backseat of a squad car, while the officer searches your car, without your consent. There you are sweating profusely, nervous of what may and will be found, and then it is found, in the glove box a gun and drugs. What should be said in defense? What should be done? Was this in fact a situation where unlawful search and seizure had taken place? Did this go against your constitutional rights as a citizen? There was no consent, but there was probable cause because of the suspended license. Imagine driving with friends and you are speeding. You are then pulled over, the officer smells marijuana, and arrest everyone inside of the vehicle. He then returns to the vehicle, and searches it finding cocaine in a jacket coat pocket. Was this too an act of unlawful search and seizure? Did this go against your reasonable expectation of privacy? The Bill of Rights Many of us may struggle when it comes to knowledge about laws, and our constitutional rights as citizens. We want to protect ourselves from situations that may be unconstitutional, but may not be aware of our rights when unconstitutional behavior occurs. When The U. S. Constitution was ratified in 1788 and 1799 there were not many laws set in place in regards to the criminal justice system. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment was adopted as a response to the abusive search and seizure practices used by the British government during the American colonial period. The colonists were particularly concerned about broad, particularized searches performed under the authority of general warrants. General warrants authorized searches for persons or papers not named specifically in the warrant† (Josephson, 1996). The U. S. Constitution did not set forth the rights of individuals in enough detail; so ten amendments were added in 1791, and were called the Bill of Rights (Cole Smith, 2011). According to Cole and Smith (2011), The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments that were added to the U. S. Constitution to provide specific rights for individuals, including criminal justice rights concerning searches, trials, and punishments. Unlawful search and seizure is the fourth amendment, which is a part of the first ten amendments. Unlawful Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment states: the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath and affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cole Smith, 2011). Unlawful search and seizure was made to limit the capability of law enforcement officers to search a person or property in order to obtain evidence. It is believed that law enforcement should not be able to pursue criminals at all cost. A search is a court document that gives law enforcement the authority to examine and hunt for evidence in or on a person or place in a manner that intrudes on reasonable expectations of privacy (Cole Smith, 2011). The reasonable expectation of privacy, that was developed by the courts, is normally from the government; but if there is probable cause law enforcement can receive an search warrant from a judge and search wherever the warrant states. A seizure is a situation in which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be â€Å"unreasonable† according to the Fourth Amendment (Cole Smith, 2011). All types of things can be seized such as a person’s freedom, which is also called an arrest, and also even property. Law enforcement must ensure that there is probable cause because if not that is an infringement of that person’s right. Being unconstitutional can lead to fines, and law enforcement officers even losing their jobs, depending on the severity of the situation. Requirements of the Fourth Amendment There are requirements that law enforcement are expected to be knowledgeable of and have to follow, even while trying to catch criminals. The requirements are probable cause, affidavit, and describing the place being searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cole Smith, 2011). Probable cause is the amount of reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is guilty of a crime (Cole Smith, 2011). In order for search and seizure to take place there has to be probable cause. Affidavit is a written statement, which is supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant. The place or person to be searched or seized has to be described in detail to help establish if probable cause is reasonable. There are however, exceptions to the probable cause and warrant requirements. Some exceptions are investigatory detentions, warrantless arrest, searches incidents to a valid arrest, seizures of items in plain view, exigent circumstances, consent searches, vehicle searches, container searches, border searches, searchers at sea, administrative searches, and searches in which the special needs of law enforcement make the probable cause requirement impractical (Calsyn et al. , 1998). A warrantless search can be conducted if law enforcement believes that the evidence is imminent danger of being moved or destroyed. Also if there is belief that law enforcement may be in danger they may enter a dwelling and conduct a full warrantless search (Calsyn et al. , 1998). The Fourth Amendment does not require law enforcement to have a warrant when searching vehicles when they have probable cause. The â€Å"automobile exception† to the warrant requirement stems from both the inherent mobility of vehicles, which often creates exigent circumstances that make obtaining a warrant impractical, and the reduce expectation of privacy due to configuration, use, and regulation of automobiles (Calsyn et al. 1998). â€Å"In certain circumstances, law enforcement officers may lawfully arrest persons without an arrest warrant. Such arrests are permitted for any offense committed by the arrestee in the presence of a law enforcement officer and for any felony that an officer has probable cause to believe the arrestee has committed. After making a warrantless arrest, an officer must promptly secure a judicial dete rmination of probable cause. The probable cause required to make a lawful warrantless arrest is identical to the probable cause required to secure an arrest warrant (Calsyn et al. 1998). According to Nolo (2012), the fourth amendment only applies to a search if a person has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or thing searched. If not, the Fourth Amendment offers no protection because there are, by definition, no privacy issues. For example, when the police look for and find a weapon on the front seat of a car, it is not considered a search under the fourth amendment because it is very unlikely that the person would think that the front seat of the car is a private place and expectation of privacy is unlikely. Even if the individual did, society is not willing to extend the protections of privacy to that particular location. On the opposing side, a person who uses a public restroom expects not to be spied upon and most people, including judges and juries would consider that expectation of privacy to be reasonable Therefore, the installation of a hidden video camera by the police in a public restroom will be considered a search and would be subject to the fourth amendment’s requirement of reasonableness. However, the fourth amendment does permit searches and seizures that are considered reasonable. In practice, this means that the police may override your privacy concerns and conduct a search of you, your home, barn, car, boat, office, personal or business documents, bank account records, trash barrel, or whatever, if the police have probable cause to believe they can find evidence that you committed a crime, and a judge issues a search warrant, or the particular circumstances justify the search without a warrant first being issued (Nolo 2012). The Supreme Court has ruled that warrantless police conduct may comply with the Fourth Amendment so long as it is reasonable under the circumstances. The exceptions made to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement reflect the Court’s reluctance to unduly impede the job of law enforcement officials. The Court has attempted to strike a balance between the practical realities of daily police work and the privacy and freedom interests of the public (FindLaw 2012). A warrant is a document issued by the courts allowing law enforcement to search your private property. All that is needed to obtain a warrant is probable cause, meaning there must be sufficient reason based upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime. Also, as explained by The Lecture Law Library (1995-2012), the fourth amendment provides no protection for what a person knowingly exposes to the public. For instance a man’s facial characteristics, or handwriting, his voice is repeatedly produced for others to hear. No person can have a reasonable expectation that others will not know the sound of his voice, any more than he can reasonably expect that his face will be a mystery to the world. These are simply a fraction of the examples as to when the fourth amendment of unlawful search and seizure does not apply. Courts use a two-part test established by the U. S. Supreme Court to determine whether, at the time of the search, a defendant had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or things searched. Evaluating whether or not the person actually expected some degree of privacy and if the person’s expectation is one that society is willing to recognize? Also, if upon review, a court finds that an unreasonable search occurred, any evidence seized as a result of the search cannot be used as direct evidence against the defendant in a criminal prosecution, state or federal. This rule, established by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1961, has come to be known as the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution. Many commentators criticize the exclusionary rule on the ground that it unfairly lets the criminal go free simply due to error. Adversely, the rule’s supporters argue that excluding illegally seized evidence is necessary to deter police from conducting illegal searches. According to this deterrence argument, the police won’t conduct improper searches if the resulting evidence can’t be used to convict the defendant. In addition to being excluded as evidence against the defendant, evidence resulting from an illegal search may not be used to discover other evidence, under a legal rule colorfully known as the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine. The â€Å"tree† is the evidence that the police illegally seize in the first place; the â€Å"fruit† is the second-generation product of the illegally seized evidence; both tree and fruit are inadmissible at trial (Nolo 2012). Moreover, when the fourth amendment is broken there are consequences that are handled by the courts. The Knock-and-Announce Requirement This requirement is meant to protect the security, privacy, and property interest of people in their homes (Josephson, 1996). â€Å"The knock-and-announce rule requires that police officers give notion of both their authority and purpose to the occupants of a residence to be searched. Before breaking and entering the premises to search, officers must also give the occupants a reasonable opportunity to voluntarily allow the police to enter† (Josephson, 1996). This rule has to be follow even if officers do have a warrant. This rule also serves for protection for the officers that are entering a home owner home. Citizens have an expectation to privacy and with this rule it allows the occupants to give consent to enter. Arizona v. Gant This case was taken all the way to the U. S. Supreme Court, and is used as a guideline for what is considered constitutional in regards to Unlawful Search and Seizure. The facts of the case states that Gant was arrested for driving with a suspended license. He then was handcuffed and placed in the backseat of an officer car. While under arrest the officers searches his car. The officers find cocaine in a jacket pocket (The Daily Record, 2009, p. 1). Gant’s motion to dismiss the evidence was denied and he was convicted of drug charges. â€Å"Reversing, the State Supreme Court distinguished New York v. Belton, which held that police may search the passenger compartment of a vehicle and any containers therein as a contemporaneous incident of recent occupants lawful arrest on grounds that it concerned the scope of a search incident to arrest but did not answer the question whether officers may conduct such a search once the scene has been secured† (Justia. com, 2009). One major concern was of the officer’s safety if the occupant was allowed to be within the reach of the area being searched. This could be absolutely dangers for the officer and could endanger the public. Under the Gant ruling, if an officer wishes to search the vehicle of an arrested suspect, he or she may delay handcuffing the suspect until after the search is complete (NJ. com, 2009). This allows the occupant to be able to access his car while being searched. Conclusion The Fourth Amendment is the primary, essential limit on the power of governments in the U. S. to inquire into people’s lives, arrest them, and take their property. It is also what prevents governments and their agents from invading citizens’ privacy. In a society that both deplores crime and values liberty, there will always be a tension between law enforcement interests and the privacy of individuals. The tools and system of the fourth amendment are as followed: Is it governmental conduct? Does the defendant have a legitimate expectation of privacy? Will society protect the defendant’s expectation as objectively reasonable? And was a warrant issued? If any of the stated reason within the system of unlawful search and seizure hold true then there I no violation of the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment to the U. S. onstitution places limits on the power of the police to make arrests, search people and their property, and seize objects and contraband, such as illegal drugs or weapons. The amendment of unlawful search and seizure is one of ten amendments within The Bill of Rights and reads as follows: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Nolo 2012). † References Arizona v. Gant. (2009). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://supreme. justia. com/cases/federal/us/556/07-542/ Calsyn, J. D. , Hale, B. C. , Kranz, H. , Grossman, M. R. , Kim, N. E. (1998). Warrantless searches and seizures. Georgetown Law Journal, 86, 1214-1288. Cole, G. F. , Smith C. E. , (2011) Criminal Justice (6th ed. ). Belmont, California: Wadsworth. Josephson, M. (1996). Fourth amendment–must police knock and announce themselves before e. g. Microsoft Corporation (1995-2012). The Fourth Amendment [U. S. Constitution]. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. lectlaw. com/def/f081. htm. (2012). The Fourth Amendment How to cite The Fourth Amendment, Papers

Role of Project Methodologies in Business-Free-Sample for Sister

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Define what a Methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2.Familiarise yourselves with the various Methodologies in the list below. Choose two Methodologies from this list to compare and contrast, analysing the similarities and differences between them both. 3.Finally, identify how your chosen Methodologies and Processes relate to the Project Life Cycle. Answers: Introduction Project management is very important for the success of the business. Methodologies are also considered as an important part of the project, it is a set of principle and it supports in managing the project. With the help of methodologies, the project can be managed and goes in the right direction and also manage the project team in the right direction. This report of project management will be helpful for understanding the different types of methodologies of the project and it also helps in selecting the right methodologies for the project life cycle. 1.Project Methodologies Project methodologies are very important for the project and it works on some set of principle. Project methodologies are suitable for the business and by adopting this policy project manager of the company can complete the project in a proper way with good quality( Koivusalo, 2015). Role of Methodologies in project management Working on the big project is always a big challenge for the company and definitely, there are big risks on the big project, before working on the big project should have to learn about the project methodologies how they perform on the big project. Along this with the help project methodologies, it reduces the risks and chance of success of the project are increased(Hill, 2013). By the help of project methodologies, it leads the staff and staff of the company work as a collaborative team, and also creates an environment. In which staff can also share their view, ideas and plans so which also helps them in projects 2.Types of Project Methodologies The methodologies help the project manager in taking the right decision and in an effective manner of the project. After adopting these policy managers have the capabilities of taking the right decisions and also take the project in the right direction( Koivusalo, 2015). In these project methodologies, there are various types of the methodologies for various types of project; the project manager will have to select the correct methodologies for their project so that with help of these methodologies project can go in the right direction. Selecting the right methodologies is help in completing the project in an effective manner, if we select wrong methodologies it affect the project and project will go in the wrong directions Some of the methodologies are as follows-: Agile: an It is a very important method in this it collects the all the features of the project and then delivered the needs related to this project. Some of the features of this are as follows-: improvement in product and process, the involvement of customers, manage time, delivery of product, flexible, highly collaborative(Cren, 2016). Scrum: This is very important method it is used for allowing the small self-managing, cross functional and also provides the requirements related to project. Kanab: This method is used for completing the work very fast and increase the progress of work. Lean: This method is used for completing the work in a short way and in a given time period. Waterfall: This is the important method it is used for creating and preparing the project and after preparation of project plan they imply small phase of the project(Hill, 2013). The features of waterfall methodologies are as follows-: manage activities, well documented, highly structured, sequential process. Prince2-: This method is used for controlling the project and managing it and help in taking the project in the right way. PMIs PMBOK-: This method is used in different types of projects in this universal standards for waterfall project management and helps in taking the decision. Difference between Agile and Waterfall methodology Difference between Agile and Waterfall methodology are as follows-: S.no. Agile methodology Waterfall methodology 1 The agile methodology, it is a direct sequential method and provides requirements of the project(Clien, 2015). The waterfall methodology, it is a sequential model, in this project is divided into pre-defined stages that involve- scheme, probability, formation, scheduling, creation, and support. 2 It is a flexible method. It is considered as structured methodology and can be intransigent to a certain level(Cren, 2016). 3 In this methodology, the project is considered as a one and only single project, which is then allocated into diverse phases. The project is deliberated as many different projects. 4 This methodology permitted to make changes in the project as per requirements and the changes can be done in the beginning of the project. In this methodology, it does not permit to make changes in the project before the development of project start. 5 In these methodologies, in the development of the project, testing is done at the same time when programming is done(Davis, 2012). In this methodologies, the testing is done after the completion of programming. Similarity between Waterfall and Agile methodologies- Besides some above-mentioned differences the similarities between both methodologies are as follows-: Both of these methodologies are used for development and technical processes such as analysis, testing, and development. In these, same programmatic blocks are used such as performance, scope, and schedule 3.Agile Lifecycle The Agile methodology is used for understanding and determining the lifecycle of the project. It helps in working together with the help of project life cycle and support the various phase of project life cycle. (Source-https://cabforward.com/the-differences-between-lean-startup-and-agile-methodology/ Waterfall Lifecycle In the waterfall life cycle, the requirements are clearly defined once the project development work is started, changes cannot be done. Along with this, design, as well as prototype, supports the project lifecycle. (Sourcehttps://medium.com/synapse-india/waterfall-model-of-software-development-a-sure-fire-practice-for-your-professional-software-needs-4c8997419800) Conclusion In this report, we have discussed all types of project methodologies. In this report, we have selected the appropriate methodologies of various set of principle. Selecting the right methodologies help in completing the project in an effective manner. Decision-making process plays a very important role in taking the right decision in selecting the correct methodologies for achieving the objectives of the company. In this report, methodologies help in understanding the project life cycle. By the help of these methodologies work can be completed in an effective manner and with the good quality and with help of this it will go in the right direction and company can achieve their objectives in the limited time period. References Koivusalo, E. (2015, 11 2). Essentials of Project Management. Retrieved from www.itforbusiness.org: https://www.itforbusiness.org/article/essentials-of-project-management/ Clien, A. (2015). Agile Development in the Real World. Apress. Cren, M. L. (2016, 2 25). Top 13 Project Management Methodologies and Styles. Retrieved from www.blog.azendoo.com: https://blog.azendoo.com/top-project-management-methodologies-and-styles/ Davis, B. (2012). Agile Practices for Waterfall Projects. J. Ross Publishing. Hill, G. (2013). The Complete Project Management Methodology and Toolkit. CRC Press. Islam, K. (2013). Agile Methodology for Developing Measuring Learning. AuthorHouse.

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay The Renaissance era encompasses Western music history from 1400 to the beginning of the sasss. This period in time marked the rebirth of humanism, and the revival of cultural achievements for their own sake in all forms of art, including music. The word Renaissance in itself is defined as a rebirthor a reconstruction. During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. We will write a custom essay on The renaissance period Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This creativity allowed artists to abandon the trice ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people. The distinctive musical sounds of the Renaissance era were comprised of a smooth, imitative, polyphonic style, as seen in the music of Byrd, Palestinian, and Lasses. While sacred music remained of great importance, secular music was starting to become increasingly common. Therefore, the polyphonic style was not only used in sacred music, but also in secular madrigals . The repertoire of instrumental music also began to grow considerably. New instruments were invented, including two keyboard instruments called the clavichord and virginal. In addition, many existing instruments were enhanced. The lute became the favored instrument of the time period, and it was established as the tankard instrument for family music making during the 16th century. Masses and motets were the primary forms for sacred vocal polyphony. These were accompanied by the lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort. Secular vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs, while instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing. Renaissance polyphony was harmonious when compared with the Medieval style. Imitation was a method that composers used to make elaborate music more coherent and to give the listener a ensue of arrangement. Imitation, where one melodic line shares, or imitates, the same musical theme as a previous melodic line became an important polyphonic technique. Imitative polyphony can be easily heard in the music of Byrd, Gibbons, and Gabriel. Additionally, the masses and motets of composers such as Joaquin also displayed the imitative polyphonic style. Imitative polyphony was so important that it continued into the Baroque period, especially in sacred music for the church.

The Best Blogs That Keep You Up-to-Date

The Best Blogs That Keep You Up-to-Date If you put all present-day bloggers in one place, they can occupy the whole country, at least such countries, as Andorra or Vatican. The web is overcrowded with regular blogs and how the hell to find a prominent blog then? We tried to help you a bit and picked out blogs that will keep your finger on pulse. Each of the listed blogs is constantly updated with the latest news in a certain sphere. Career Opportunities Check these blogs to increase your chance of choosing the best occupation for you and getting a desirable well-paid job. Follow them to be familiar with new approaches to recruitment process, tips on how to stand out during job interviews and the ways to get a promotion. Simply Hired Blog This one is very handy. It is divided into categories – â€Å"job search tips,† â€Å"resumes,† â€Å"interview,† â€Å"career† – so that you can easily focus on what you currently need. No matter whether you are looking for a new job or want to develop as a professional in the company you already work at, this website will be helpful for you. The Muse Here, you can get advice on your current career or job search. What special about that blog is that it also contains the section dedicated to finding your passion in life. Such information will be useful for students who don’t know what profession to choose yet and for adults who are eager to change their career. Indeed The editorial staff of Indeed publishes reports on what jobs are currently popular, gives tips on what companies to join and provides with the predictions on what industries have huge potential to develop. They use statistical data from their job-seeking website that make their reports appear even more reliable. Lindsey Pollak Lindsey Pollak is â€Å"a millennial workplace expert† according to her own words and she really is. Her tips are extremely useful for students and young people as she know them better than they even know themselves. Lindsey also is a public spokesperson. If you are feeling too tired to read posts, you can listen to her interviews. Believe us, they are worth it. Penelope Trunk As a co-founder of Quistic, this lady has been around the block in finding her own career path and helping others with that. In her blog, Penelope discusses the ways of coping with challenges while working, such as getting-up early, and the ways to find the best occupation that fits you. Campus to Career by Kirk Baumann The name of this blog totally reflects its purpose which is to guide students through the challenges they meet on their career path. You’ll find a bunch of practical advice that is given in text or in a graphical form. The blog is frequently updated. Follow it to be aware of the latest news in the sphere. Idealist Careers What fascinating about this blog is that it fits everyone. There are many informational articles about career development. The category â€Å"Internship† is highly-recommended for students. From this section, you will know about available internships and tips how to get them. The Voice of Job Seekers by Mark Anthony Dyson This is not just a regular blog, however, we decided to mention it for several interesting features. First of all, you can find e-guide with job tips for 2018. Also, you have the ability to read other guides and resources that are mentioned on the blog for building up your career. Also, Mark Anthony Dyson, the founder, has his podcast so that you can listen to tips instead of reading. Careful Cents by Carrie Smith Nicholson Carrie Smith Nicholson, the blogger of Careful Cents, works with entrepreneurs and small businesses. If you are interested in founding a start-up, this is what you need. Follow the blog and become more decisive to start your own business. Education Schools and colleges have pre-agreed educational programs and this is the reason why some knowledge you get in educational affiliations can be out-of-date. So, you need to use other sources to learn about new features in industries you are interested in. The Ed Tech Round Up by Michael Karlin Though this website was completed for teachers, it can serve well for students, too. Michael Karlin who is the owner of the blog provides the readers with reviews on educational technologies and other essential information about education and technologies. He also suggests other sources to be smart and up-to-date. Eudemic On this blog, you can also find useful data for teachers and students. There is even a separate section called â€Å"Trends† in which you can get acquainted to current trends in studying and technologies. E-Learning Provocateur by Ryan Tracey Ryan Tracey is an eLearning Manager who writes about his own experience in higher education, eLearning and technologies. It is the case when a blogger learns himself by sharing information with readers. What this means is that Ryan Tracey says that the blog helps him to organize his own thoughts and make his thinking deeper. Technology Enhanced Learning Blog by David Hopkins David Hopkins is an eLearning Consultant who constantly shares his thoughts on various eLearning topics. The aim of this blog is to evolve, search for better ways to work and learn. Besides the blog, David also writes books and articles for other sources. Scholarships-Postitions Guess what you can find out from the blog? That’s right, the latest news on scholarships and free online educational courses. Also, you can keep track of internships in USA. The blog is regularly updated so that you should follow it in case you would like to get a scholarship, deepen your knowledge for free through online courses or look for an internship to start your career. Sholars4dev This doesn’t actually look like a blog but we couldn’t pass is by. This is an extremely helpful source for students who are in search of scholarships. You can find scholarships by categories which is really handy. And again, all information is up-to-date. Lifestyle Today, we’ve got so many opportunities to travel, to cook, to share, to write, haven’t we? However, sometimes having too many options leads to problems with making a choice. We’ve gathered several blogs that will inspire you on what to do, where to go, how to look and actually how to live. Hello Gemma Gemma’s blog is very nice. It is filled with high-quality pictures, interesting thoughts, ideas, recipes etc. There are several categories, such as beauty, food, lifestyle, interiors and vegan kitchen. Looks like Gemma is a very creative person and she has a lot to tell to the world. So, if you are looking for ideas on what to cook, where to travel, how to decorate your room, just visit Gemma’s blog! No doubts you’ll like spending time here. A Pair and a Spare Here, you can find a bunch of ideas for your personal style, for DIY, for interiors, for traveling, for creative activities, for fitness and so on. The blog has nice design and easy navigation. You can even be the part of it if you are looking for a writing job. 2 Cats and Chloe Though it can seem that the blogger’s name is Chloe, it’s not. Actually, the author is called Susan and Chloe is her dog’s name. That’s funny, isn’t it? The blog depicts personal experience of the author. Susan shares her own experiences in traveling, cooking, decorating. Her writing is easy and interesting to read. Check it out! Blue Perk by Freddy Rodriguez Primarily, this blog is about outfits and grooming. If you are interested in men’s fashion, you’ll be really interested to follow Freddy Rodriguez’s blog. Read tips and thoughts from Freddy and admire nice pictures. Barking Up The Wrong Tree Quite an unusual name for a blog, isn’t it? The author of this blog is Eric and according to his own words the blog brings you â€Å"science-based answers and expert insight on how to be awesome at life.† The blog is constantly updated but not every day because the articles are lengthy and high-quality. Writing such content takes some time. Music We don’t want to say much about music because you know all that well. Music is everywhere. Music is an important part of people’s lives. Follow the listed blogs to be aware of musical novelties. AR Factory This is one of the best blogs about various things happening in musical world. There are some categories on the website, such as music, interviews, news. Actually all these are related to music not only tagged â€Å"music.† If you would like to know about the latest hits and concerts, read this blog. For the Love of Bands This source provides you with data on new bands that are not popular yet but have good chance to become. Also, they can promote you if you have your own band. On this source, you can find reviews, industry tips, ideas for playlists. If you get tired from popular radio hits, this is what you need. Indietronica This one is specific. Indietronica focuses on new music genre which combines the elements of indie, electro, electronica, rock and pop. This blog contains information about bands, artists and tracks that are related to the genre of indietronica. Are you interested to hear something brand-new? Join the readership of this blog. KMM Reviews Are you looking for good reviews on music? Here they are. Read reviews and find new music you’d like. Guys form KMM Reviews always provide you with up-to-date data in industry. Also, you can submit new music on this source if you wish. AMBY AMBY is a great place for music lovers! This blog contains various interviews with artists and actors. Bloggers from AMBY always try to find content that attracts music fans. Find the latest news about music from here. Besides, AMBY already has many awards. Caesar Live N Loud On this blog, you are able to know about new music, new artists, mixtapes, read interviews and reviews. The blog is updated every day. The website has a comprehensive navigation and the bunch of attractive articles. That was all about the best blogs that keep you up-to-date for today. Hopefully, at least some of them will inspire you and help you with reaching your goals and fulfilling your dreams.

Lee v. Weisman (1992) - Prayers at School Graduation

Lee v. Weisman (1992) - Prayers at School Graduation How far can a school go when it comes to accommodating the religious beliefs of students and parents? Many schools have traditionally had someone offer prayers at important school events like graduations, but critics argue that such prayers violate the separation of church and state because they mean that the government is endorsing particular religious beliefs. Fast Facts: Lee v. Weisman Case Argued: November 6, 1991Decision Issued:Â  June 24, 1992Petitioner: Robert E. LeeRespondent: Daniel WeismanKey Question: Did letting a religious officiant offer a prayer during an official public school ceremony violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Blackmun, O’Connor, Stevens, Kennedy, and SouterDissenting: Justices Rehnquist, White, Scalia, and ThomasRuling: Since the graduation was state-sponsored, the prayer was deemed in violation of the Establishment Clause. Background Information Nathan Bishop Middle School in Providence, RI, traditionally invited clergy to offer prayers at graduation ceremonies. Deborah Weisman and her father, Daniel, both of whom were Jewish, challenged the policy and filed suit in court, arguing that the school had turned itself into a house of worship after a rabbis benediction. At the disputed graduation, the rabbi thanked for: ...the legacy of America where diversity is celebrated...O God, we are grateful for the learning which we have celebrated on this joyous commencement...we give thanks to you, Lord, for keeping us alive, sustaining us and allowing us to reach this special, happy occasion. With help from the Bush administration, the school board argued that the prayer was not an endorsement of religion or of any religious doctrines. The Weismans were supported by the ACLU and other groups interested in religious freedom. Both the district and appellate courts agreed with the Weismans and found the practice of offering prayers unconstitutional. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court where the administration asked it to overturn the three-prong test created in Lemon v. Kurtzman. Court Decision Arguments were made on November 6th, 1991. On June 24th 1992, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that prayers during school graduation violate the Establishment Clause. Writing for the majority, Justice Kennedy found that officially sanctioned prayers in public schools were so clearly a violation that the case could be decided without relying upon the Courts earlier church/separation precedents, thus avoiding questions about the Lemon Test entirely. According to Kennedy, the governments involvement in religious exercises at graduation is pervasive and unavoidable. The state creates both public and peer pressure on students to rise for and remain silent during prayers. State officials not only determine that an invocation and benediction should be given, but also select the religious participant and provide guidelines for the content of the nonsectarian prayers. The Court viewed this extensive state participation as coercive in the elementary and secondary school settings. The state in effect required participation in a religious exercise, since the option of not attending one of lifes most significant occasions was no real choice. At a minimum, the Court concluded, the Establishment Clause guarantees that government may not coerce anyone to support or participate in religion or its exercise. What to most believers may seem nothing more than a reasonable request that the nonbeliever respect their religious practices, in a school context may appear to the nonbeliever or dissenter to be an attempt to employ the machinery of the State to enforce a religious orthodoxy. Although a person could stand for the prayer merely as a sign of respect for others, such an action could justifiably be interpreted as accepting the message. The control held by teachers and principals over the students actions forces those graduating to submit to the standards of behavior. This is sometimes referred to as the Coercion Test. Graduation prayers fail this test because they put impermissible pressure on students to participate in, or at least show respect for, the prayer. In a dictum, Justice Kennedy wrote about the importance of the separating church and state: The First Amendments Religion Clauses mean that religious beliefs and religious expression are too precious to be either proscribed or prescribed by the State. The design of the Constitution is that preservation and transmission of religious beliefs and worship is a responsibility and a choice committed to the private sphere, which itself is promised freedom to pursue that mission. [...] A state-created orthodoxy puts at grave risk that freedom of belief and conscience which are the sole assurance that religious faith is real, not imposed. In a sarcastic and scathing dissent, Justice Scalia said that prayer is a common and accepted practice of bringing people together and the government should be allowed to promote it. The fact that prayers can cause division for those who disagree with or are even offended by the content simply wasnt relevant, as far as he was concerned. He also didnt bother to explain how sectarian prayers from one religion could unify people of many different religions, never mind people with no religion at all. Significance This decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the message contained in the prayer.

Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 5 - Essay Example Another vital aspect of ethics in business is ensuring safety in the workplace. Based on the fact that employees are major resources in any company, employers should take initiatives to safeguard them from high temperatures, poor ventilation, fire and poor lighting. In this way, illnesses that may increase the rate of absenteeism will be significantly reduced. Introduction As businesses engage each other in a stiff competition, some employers have taken initiatives to enhance the payments of their employees and senior managers as a way of retaining them and improving their productivity. However, some managers have little or no concern of the welfare of their employees thus rising the question of how much are investors willing to emulate ethics in the work places. One of the major ethical concerns is the amount of compensation and benefits provided to their employees and their immediate family members. In the same way, safety in the work places is a key issue that employers should not overlook. In this regard, I have chosen the topic of ethics in compensation of the employees and safety in the work places as a way of ensuring that employees are fairly treated in the work places. Similarly, my target audience is the employers and the investors who are focused at increasing their profits at the expense of their employees. ... Wages and benefits To ensure that employees remain loyal towards their companies, employers have major role to play of ensuring that salaries and benefits paid to their workers are sustainable and motivating. One of major issue that creates poor relationship between the employees and the employers is the high compensation paid to the executives while other employees are not taken into consideration. Majority of employers have various options about the amount of compensation and wages that is paid to their employees. For example, some companies believe that the mandated minimum salaries by the federal government are sufficient to maintain their employees (Robbins & Judge, 2007). In the same way, some employers believe they are at liberty to pay anything to the workers and as such employees should take any job regardless of the wages they receive. Investors should ensure ethics are upheld in their companies by providing flexible benefits. Some of the major benefits that a firm should g ive their employees include health insurance, paid vacations, training, paid sick leaves as well as retirement benefits among others. Additionally, employers should ensure flexible working hours to ensure that their employees address private matters that may affects the concentration of the workers thus reducing their productivity (Resnik, 2009). To develop professional abilities of their employees and make them focused on achieving their goals as well as those of the entire company, managers should apply advancement programs. Such programs should be undertaken during annual leaves or in the evenings after work. To ensure adequate compensation and flexible

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Article Example The need for new applications has contributed to the advancement of communication and networking technologies (OBrien & Marakas, 2008). These changes have impacted businesses because they have to put in a lot of resources to manage the complexities brought about by these technological advancements. These trends have been causing problems for organizations. When it comes to using technology efficiently, the burden on managers is greater today than it was in the past. This is because technological advancements have brought about a lot of complexities in communication and networking systems. Previously, the internet was largely used as a platform for communication and entertainment. This trend has changed, and, for businesses, the internet today is mainly used as a business process automation and commercial platform (OBrien & Marakas, 2008). A good example is that managers today are more concerned about having an online presence than physical presence. Managers have to grapple with how to manage networks effectively so that they can efficiently support their business processes. The network management dilemma remains a challenge for managers. Another example is dealing with how fast networks need to operate to satisfy their business demands since there are larger volumes of data to

Explanations for Inequality Essay Example for Free

Explanations for Inequality Essay There are many sociological explanations for female inequality in society. Inequality is where something/ someone is seen as not equal compared to something else. For example men have more opportunities than women in life, suggesting females suffer huge inequality in many factors of life. Firstly, Anne Oakley speaks about how women suffer inequalities in the work place. Oakley notes that after the industrial revolution in Britain acts were passed to limit women working; in 1851 one in four married women worked whereas in 1911 one in ten worked. During the Victorian era the ideology that a womans place was in the home became truly established and industrialisation led to the separation of men from the daily routine of domestic life. Now it is claimed that women suffer from four main inequalities in the workplace. Firstly, there is the much debated pay gap in which, even though legislation to stop unequal pay was introduced in the 1970s, the although narrowing pay gap is still visible between men and women. Secondly half of all females in employment are in part time employment; this form of employment is often less secure with fewer benefits. Thirdly, women suffer from vertical segregation; this is sometimes referred to as the glass ceiling effect. Women are seemingly unable to achieve the higher ranking positions and are stopped from achieving managerial positions by an invisible barrier. Lastly, women are said to suffer from horizontal segregation which is the idea of gendered jobs. Liberal feminist Oakley blames the dominant housewife mother role, suggesting that a wifes role is primarily domestic, thus inequality is inevitable. There are criticisms for this study however, suggesting that it sees inequality as simply just a matter of time. As well as biological factors, and time Victoria Beechey, from a marxist perspective has deleveloped a study which sees women as a reserve army of labour. She uses this in order to explain the position of women in the labour market. Marx argued that capitalism required a reserve army of labour, that is a spare pool of potential recruits to the labour force. Beechey identifies a number of ways in which women in modern Britain are particularly suited to form part of this reserve army. She suggests that womens jobs are least likely to be covered by redundancy legislation, so its cheaper to make them redundant rather than men, suggesting huge inequality as it shows women are superior to men. Furthermore she suggests that unemployed married women may not be elegible to receive state benefits if their husbands are working, and for this reason they might not appear in unemployment statistics. Beechey says that women who are made redundant are able to disappear virtually without a trace back into the family. She also suggests that women are more likely to accept part time work due to their domestic role, women tend to be happy in accepting less wages than their husbands as they can rely on their man. This makes you realise that still in society, women who don’t work, even though they want to is still frowned upon, and it would be easier for men to get jobs than women, showing inequality between women and men. Bruegel challenges this theory, she questions the assumption that the interests of capital must be served if women are to be used as a reserve army of labour. She points out that women can also benefit capitalism by producing domestic labour in the home, as this reduces the amount that needs to be paid to male workers. Linda Mcdowell like Beechey also talks about part time work, and why women are more likely to accept it. She applies post-Fordist theory to female employment. Post-Fordism suggests that there has been a move away from mass production to more flexible production of specialist products. Businesses keep a core of highly skilled workers, but most other workers are temporary, or part time, or work is contracted out to other firms. Women tend to be concentrated in the more flexible jobs, particularly part time work. This suggests that even today it is still hard to for women to have a good career like men, as due to other priorities part time work may be the only suitable explanation. Lovering found evidence to support this theory suggesting that post Fordism trends affect only some women. Furthermore, post-Feminists argue that the feminism of the 1970s and 80s is out dated because it sees all women as sharing the same interests and ignores the diverse interests of different groups of women. Natasha Walter believes that there is still much that feminists need to change. She believes that the post-feminist emphasis on political correctness and language neglects the continuing problems of inequality which affect all women. Women still tend to suffer from problems such a low pay, lack of childcare, the dual burden of paid employment and domestic labour, poverty and domestic sexual violence. Following up on this Germaine Greer suggests that women cannot be themselves as they still have to act in the ways men want them to be. This suggests that women suffer in the hands of men, due to them being more powerful etc. Women thus are brainwashed into being how men want them to be, for example, clothing and make up. Radical feminists also believe that mens power and control over men is the main reason for inequality. They believe that patriarchy is the most important concept when explaining gender inequalities. They tend to focus on the power relationships that are experienced in private, in particular the significance of sexuality and the use of violence. Kate Millet believes that oppressive and unequal relationships between men and women originate not in wider society, but in the intimacy of personal relationships, in sexual partnerships and in families and households or various kinds. She believes personal relationships are also political in that they are based on different and unequal amounts of power which are determined by sex and which are reinforced in every aspect of wider society. Culture, government, tradition, religion, law, education and the media all reflect patriarchal leadership and power. Critics of this theory suggest that this theory is ultimately biologically deterministic, since the biological facts of reproduction are at the heart of the position. Not all sociologists believe that inequality is still a major factor in society. Catherine Hakim (economist) suggests a Rational choice theory. She is critical of all feminist positions. She argues that feminist theories are both inaccurate and misleading, and that women are not victims of unfair employment practices. She identifies five myths; womens employment had not in fact been rising, women were less committed to work than men, that their childcare responsibilities were not the main reason for them working part time, that part time jobs were not necessarily worse and finally that women were less likely to be in stable employment. This goes against all feminist explanations and suggests that inequality is not as we see it, and a lot has changed. However, Crompton argues that Hakim underplays the structures within which women make choices. In particular she cites the development of the male bread winner. Other sociologist like Hakim who neglect mainstream feminist values are the black feminists. They are critical of mainstream feminism suggesting that they neglect the particular problems that black women face. Bourne argues that white feminists are luke-warm about tackling racism because they enjoy social, economic and political privileges which make them part of the system which oppresses black women. Further more Yuval-Davis develops this theme claiming that non-black minority ethnics such as Iranian, Cypriot, and Chinese women not only face racism, they also face cultural patriarchy which is particular to their communities. This is suggesting women are not really all in the same position and it affects people differently. White feminists tend to reject black feminists and ignore them from most of the studies and theories.

The Employment Policy in the UAE: Emiratization or a Quota System Essay

Emiratization is the prevalent topic currently in the UAE’s economic forums and even the everyday life of the Emiratis. The UAE symbolizes an example of how the rapid economic expansion is affecting the natives alongside the economic structure and evidently the fiscal policies. These changes are noticeably manifested in the UAE’s dramatic increase of expatriates inflowing to work in its lucrative market. Conversely, the rapid growth of the UAE’s expatriates ended up reducing the Emiratis to being a minority ethnic group in their own land – a Middle Eastern version of the Red Indians, as some might argue. Subsequently, this has resulted in a radical approach to solve this rising problem through a policy of localization to empower the Emiratis in the emerging combative market and especially the expatriates dominated private sector. This essay will reveal the origins of the current economic situation of the UAE and attempt to validate that Emiratization polic y is becoming solely a quota system not an effective solution. In 1968, Britain announced that it was withdrawing from the region. The seven emirates then had a total population of 180,000, scattered over 90, 6000 square kilometers of desert and mountain (Fairservice, 2001). Historically, the seven emirates were autonomous sheikhdoms until they were united as the UAE in 1971 (Gallant, 2008). UAE is one of the dynamic trading hubs in the Persian Gulf. However, the economic development since the discovery of oil in 1966 has been remarkable. Before the oil boom, people in UAE survived through fishing, pearling and limited trading. The growth that this transformation brought has enabled the swift progress, which assisted a large non-oil economy. Industrialization and tourism are gr... ...ng This article is about the UAE’s policy of Emiratization and wither it is a mere quota system or the effective solution for the unemployment growing rate. I will present some the article arguments and I will discuss them further in the essay. Terterov, M. (2006). Doing business with the United Arab Emirates. GMB Publishing Ltd. This book represents an official guide for businessmen on how to do business in the UAE. I will use this book to present the official views on localization policy. Wright, S. M., & Anoushiravan, E. (2008). Reform in the Middle East oil monarchies. Ithaca Press. This book address many important questions such as should the West be seeking to encourage national indigenous evolution rather than working to impose Western systems? I will represent this book view on the Emiratization policy and its impact on the economic growth of the UAE.

Detecting Deception

Deception, in another word – Lying, may lead to a serious aftermath in the enforcement of law and the proceedings in the courtroom. Hence, much effort is devoted by the forensic psychologists in developing different techniques and methods to detect lies. According to DePaulo et al. , deception is defined as a deliberate attempt to mislead others. But to no avail, research have shown that majority, including law enforcers do not have a chance levels in deception detection just by using intuition only. A study by Ekman & O’Sullivan (1991) about the law enforcement officials have concluded that most of them have failed to attain above chance levels. On a contrary, there are studies showing that certain lie catchers such as experts in psychology field has the ability to perform above the accuracy of chance in the detection of deception (Ekman, O'Sullivan & Frank, 1999). This in turn is also said to be influenced when experts has experience in interrogating liars, making them more confident in detecting deception. Besides, in the same study, it is said that men is better at detecting deception over women (Mann, S. , Vrij, A. , & Bull, R. , 2004). The study by Mann et al. is of a high stake lies scenario which is also the main strength that differentiates them from previous studies. The judges were unable to perform better than is expected due to the exposure of a videotaped scenario. The limitation of the studies was that the duration of the fragments is too shot where lengthy ones may be more desirable. These challenges do not stop researchers to find ways to overcome the difficulties in detecting deception accurately. Hence, researchers divert their focus in examining the best cues that can be used to determine deception. For instance, polygraph has been the most popular method used in detection deception. The application is so far said to be the most successful because it is based on many different measurements in the aspect of psychophysiological that includes respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal response. Via this measurement, an autonomic arousal pattern can be obtained which is the core in detecting deception. The aim of this experiment is to indicate ways in the detection of truth and deception and how it affects the judging of deception. We predict that people’s accuracy in detecting truth or deception will be best in the audio non-verbal cues condition (eyes covered), worst in the visual non-verbal cues condition (ears covered) and intermediate in the visual+audio non-verbal cues condition.

Facebook faces up, for better or worse? Essay

Facebook started as a â€Å"collegiate social network† (Atal, 2007). In May 2007 it abandoned the college niche and opened its doors to everyone. ComScore noted that â€Å"71% of users are now outside the college age-bracket† (Atal, 2007). There’s no doubt that the move significantly increased the membership in the network, but is their decision to open to the public undisputedly for the better? Facebook made its mark by focusing on a college niche. Their decision to veer away from this market could have serious consequences to the network. One trade off is between size and significance. A niche encourages specific, familiar and private network. â€Å"Student-exclusive networks provide users with a sense of importance: It’s easy to become a big fish in a small, students-only pond† (Atal, 2007). It gives them the feeling of belonging; of being a part of a community they can call their own. It connects them to people they can relate to. While membership is limited to a specific class of people, size is compensated by closer and more meaningful interaction between the members. The downside is, applications are also restricted to the interests of the niche market. Public networks on the other hand can reach more people. A diverse crowd needs varied things, thus they have bigger room for improvement and development. They are not limited to specific programs, interests or advertisements. By shifting to a public social network, Facebook got rid of its boundaries. It opened its doors to serve more people. It embraced an opportunity for growth. One of the issues raised is the reaction of the original members to the upgrade. â€Å"Facebook has such a strong hold on the college social networking market† (Atal, 2007). The change in focus market did not seem to affect the support of students.   Original members remained loyal to Facebook despite the change. Going from a niche to a public network is a new ballgame for Facebook. They are up against giant networks. They need to perform on a higher level. They have to create a niche amidst the league of giants in order to stay on top. Leaving their niche opened opportunities for new networks to step in. CollegeOTR.com, CollegeTonight.com, and CollegeWikis.com are three of the websites that are likely to benefit from this. Capitalizing on the niche left by Facebook, these network aim to create networks that are â€Å"as specific as they could be† (Atal, 2007). Conclusion Facebook’s decision to abandon the college niche and upgrade to a public social network is beneficial to Facebook. It offered opportunity for growth without alienating the original members. While the focus expanded to include everyone interested in joining the community, they can still serve the need for smaller communities by developing applications suited for this purpose. By upgrading to a public social network, Facebook put an end to the competition between Facebook and other college networks and paved the way for collaboration. One example of this successful partnership as mentioned in the article is the SuperWall (Atal, 2007).   CollegeWikis.com sponsored Superwall, a Facebook â€Å"application where users post college-specific information that is instantly communicated to the virtual message walls of other registered users at their college† (Atal, 2007).   Collaborations like this not only promote cooperation among the networks but also present the best of both worlds to the users. Facebook gave up its niche market to give way to improved service, diverse membership and better partnership with other networks. The decision positioned the company to serve more people, produce more products and services well into the future. Reference Atal, Maja. (2007, August 8). Facebook Faces Up. Businessweek, 1-2.

The Importance of National Identity in Social Relations †Humanities Essay

The Importance of National Identity in Social Relations – Humanities Essay Free Online Research Papers The Importance of National Identity in Social Relations Humanities Essay As a result of this case another issue should be raised, that of the intensification of negative prejudice toward an ethnic out-group, stemming from the regular contact between two different national groups (Campbell cited p. 211). More specifically, a big number of Albanians came to Greece over the last decades as financial immigrant, legal or not. Their increased presence in the Greek territory (and, consequently the labour market) has led to the development or the aggravation of some Greeks negative attitude towards them and the raise of related stereotypes: Albanians are dangerous, dirty, deceitful, ungrateful and so on. The Albanian student mentioned above was the victim of the groundless rage of people who perceived of his bearing the flag as an injury to their national identity. This attitude is an example of self-identification and identification of the other, based on vague and fictitious criteria: not sharing the same history, coming from a different country, having different religion, customs and so on. When taking into consideration the extent of emphasis placed on the event and the cost for the student, it is difficult to overlook the importance of national identity in social relations. It has often been claimed that the idea of the nation is a construction that serves political or other interests. Hutchinson and Smith (1994 p. 48) quote Eric Hobsbaum who claims that â€Å"the nation was one of many traditions invented by political elites in order to legitimise their power in a century of revolution and democratisation†. Later in the same book Benedict Anderson (1994, p. 89) characterises modern nation as â€Å"an imagined political community†. A fundamental constituent of a nation and a common element that functions as a unifying factor is its shared traditions. There seem to be two categories of tradition; the first includes pure ones, those that their roots lie in the past and have been preserved in time, interwoven with the nations habits, norms, values and practices and that are an integral part of peoples national identity. The second category refers to the traditions which are invented. These are artificial outwardly imposed to the nation and might serve political or other purposes, functioning as a unifying factor or a factor enhancing faithfulness to the nation. Eric Hobsbaum distinguishes between three types of tradition. The first includes traditions that reflect the social cohesion of a nation, the second includes traditions that operate for the interest of the ruling classes and the third the medium for implanting or enforcing ideals, values or rituals. The two latter types are examples of invented traditions. The negative element of invented traditions is that when called for the manipulation of the masses can function as a covert way of fanatising people, cultivating racism and prejudice and intolerance for every out-group. Similar feelings of national pride or faithfulness to the national group were exploited by the Second-World-War Nazi authorities in order to bring about the Jewish holocaust as part of an ultimate mission. The symbols of the Nazi invented traditions were their anthem, the swastika, the formal military salute and many other which helped the representatives of the Arean Nation to establish the sense of uniqueness and superiority and to strengthen the sense of unity and solidarity. POINT: Religious faith is in important constituent of national identity. The intensity of identification with a religion is iften positively correlated with the strength of ones national identity. However, it seems religion itself is something obscure and indefinite, not to mention every individuals perception of his religion and his interpretation of what religious faithfulness means. Baumsteer Meanings of Life 187-189 approaches the issue critically noting that in many instances in the past religion has cheated its pure character by serving political interests. He adds that religion often becomes rigid (one example being Catholicism), thus not satisfying peoples emotional needs as they evolve along with social changes in time (Religions are rigid becase they cannot follow sociocultural changes in time, thus they cannot satisfy peoples evolving emotional needs. By comparing national identity with the religious, as Baumeister analyses it, one could detect the function and usefulness of the former for the individual (pp. 190-196). Apart from constituting a source of life meaning, the construction of national identity provides a link with the past a kind of collective memory of the common national origin one wants to consider him/herself a member of. Additionally, it provides an orientation for the future; it inspires a sense of aspiration, or an ideal. One function of this orientation for the future might be the rationalisation of labour and production as a bestowal to the nation and, accordingly, the production of children as a way of contributing to its preservation and expansion. Eriksons psychosocial theory stressed the importance of identity in the individuals developmental course of life. He consedered identity to be the persons way of defining him/herself and, as such, to crucial for his / her mental and cognitive development as well as a way of interacting with the surrounding world. Adolescence is a significant period because it signifies, among other things, the transition to the adulthood. During adolescence one is confronted with roles, relationships, values, some of which s/he adopts and othhers s/he questions in order to circumscribe his / her identity. This is why the identity is individualised and difficult to define. It might encompass the persons way of experiencing his / her gender, socioeconomic status, ideology, nationality, religion as well as the (significant) others reflections on the above factors. Two institutions that play a significant role in the construction of a persons national identity are the family that undertakes the primary role in the persons socialisation and the school, which is the secondary socialisation institution. They both provide sources of historical information, national ideals, attitudes, values, emotions, that are transmitted to the individual and contribute to the formation of his / her national identity. For instance, the Greek educational system often adopts an egocentric approach in the teaching of history, placing emphasisi on historical moments when Geece exhibited courage and succeeded, or stressing glorious moments of ancient Greek history, like the Golden Era of Pericles, makin shorter reference to the contemporary slavery. This approach could contribute greatly to the students feelings of national pride and to the identification of the students with their ancestors in terms of national origin. What the claim of the scholars might imply is that the content of the national identity is so wide, complex and fluctuating, that it cannot justify some peoples strength of beliefs and rigidity od attitudes as it happens in cases of negative nationalism (as opposed to liberal nationalism), racism, national stereotyping or chauvinism. Conclusion Whether national identity is a fictive characteristic or not, should be judged from the consequences on personality and communication. That is, however subjective, obscure and elusive national identity itself may be, it is more important to determine the ways in which it influences or even determines thought, emotion and behaviour. Especially when feelings of national pride and patriotism are manipulated by political and military authorities for the sake of imperialistic or other unethical purposes, it is crucial to examine it further. The fact that the content of national identity is something conventional, has been clearly illustrated by many scholars. All its constituents, traditions, borders, customs, cultural elements and so forth are agreed and established through repetition or preservation in time. What is more, national identity is, as mentioned above, completely subjective and idividualised; it cannot be circumscribed precisely. Two people may not share common history, land religion, race, customs, values or they may share some or all of the above in different degrees and combinations. Nevertheless, they serve a very important purpose, fundamental for the peoples emotional well-being: the sense of belonging, security, satisfaction of social needs (solidarity, production, undertaking of responsibility). Thus, we come to the conclusion that national identity is a powerful symolic link that connects people in place and time, and at the same time a dangerous seed that can be cultivated to cause dissention, disruption of the social order and alienation. Salkind, N. (1985). Theories of Human Development. John Wiley and Sons Inc. POY National identity, according to Parekh (People, Nation and State 1999, p.66) encompasses three components: a) a common constitution of a political community, including agreed rules, laws and norms, b) images of the nation, shared between members of a national community and c) a sense of personal commitment to the community. All the above are characterised by a degree of subjectivity and dynamism. That is, none of them can be precisely circumscribed or unanimously defined, nor can they remain static in place and time. With respect to the importance of the national identity in a person’s self-identification, it seems that the second and third element play a significant role and are related to fundamental psychological processes. To be more specific, as Parekh (1999, p. 67) observes, national identity is a form of â€Å"self-understanding. [†¦] It reflects qualities [the British] like about themselves and wish to preserve. Since they define themselves in terms of these qual ities , they seek to live up to them and feel or can be made to feel embarrassed and guilty when they do not [†¦]. Images are not only self-projections, but also tools of self-creation†. A relevant example that might illustrate Parekh’s point is the Greek term ‘’ This noun signifies a personality trait, a way of behaving, as well as a traditional Greek value. Greeks are proud because they consider this to be a â€Å"unique Greek characteristic† and they often substantiate this claim by the argument that there is no direct equivalent for the word in other languages. This compound word literally means â€Å"to love† (-) â€Å"pride† or â€Å"honour† (-). That is, to have a vivid sense of dignity and pride. Greeks often attach to the term meanings such as: â€Å"a kind of charisma†, â€Å"kindness†, â€Å"ethics†, â€Å"good will†, â€Å"consciousness†, â€Å"virtue†, â€Å"generosity† and â€Å"the idea of coming up to one’s responsibilities and fulfilling one’s duties† (Vassiliou V. Vassiliou G. 1966, cited 1995, p. 115). â€Å"Filotimo† () is one of the ideals that traditional nuclear Greek families aim to implant to the generations that follow. It is also frequently invoked when asking someone to come to his / her senses or to retract an undesirable attitude. Hence, in this example behaviours and interpersonal relationships may be influenced by a value system that is identified with national orientation. Similarly the – conscious or not – urge to prove worthy of the nationally praised characterization â€Å"philotimos† might function as a self-fulfilling prophecy. More specifically, the person might deal with particular situations in ways that confirm the family’s, friends’ or nation’s expectations from him /her. As far as commitment to the community – the third factor according to Parekh – is concerned, it is also subjective and difficult to determine. It involves a collective sense of belonging, shared emotions and symbols of the community like ceremonies, the f lag, the national anthem and so on (Parekh 1999, p. 69). Loyalty to the nation, patriotism and a common sense of solidarity are some of the characteristic ways in which a member of the nation experiences his bond with it. A positive form of experiencing identification with the nation is the case of people’s reaction during the Olympic Games. When athletes win medals they are overwhelmed with national pride, among other emotions, and so are their fellow-countrymen. Greeks again could be a characteristic example, because they strongly view the Olympic ideal as a part of their national identity – a kind of a collective heritage. Especially at the award ceremony where the national anthem is being performed the athletes often burst into tears and kiss the flag as an expression of loyalty to the nation. What is more, leaving for a moment the commercialization of the Olympic Games aside, the Greek origin of the Olympic ideal seems to be a strong motive for many Greek athletes , government members and even simple citizens to avoid getting involved in any form of corruption. More specifically, any entanglement in events of doping or other kinds of unethical competition would be considered very shameful and humiliating, particularly because of a shared sense of responsibility towards the heavy national heritage. This worry is probably so intense not so much because of the political or financial interests involved, but more because of a concern to preserve the national ‘good reputation’. My interpretation of this attitude is that it represents a shared way of experiencing national identity. The function of this identity could be that it constitutes a unifying factor for the nation and that it could inspire collectivity, ethos and a sense of duty, that may be more influential than any external or imposed force (like laws, government guidelines and regulations introduced by international institutions). A negative form of identification and bonding with the nation could be the case where national pride takes the form of commonly shared and publicly expressed prejudice for the national out-group. A representative example comes again from the Greek context, where a couple of years ago Odise Cenaj, an Albanian high-school student participated in the student parade as a flag-bearer. The parade took place as part of the annual ceremony for the celebration of a national anniversary, the 28th of October. A characteristic example of the relation between religion and national identity is the Greeks’ notion of their nationality. The majority – especially the older generations – tends to interweave the national element with the religious one, identifying ‘Greek’ with ‘Christian’ and in particular ‘orthodox’. Personal experience from the Greek sociocultural context has shown that the stronger the national identity is, the stronger is the identification with the orthodox faith. Especially in the case of this dogma, the etymology of the word reveals the deterministic view of its followers. The Greek compound word ‘Orthodox’ means ‘right’ (‘ortho’) – as opposed to ‘wrong’ – ‘belief’ (‘dox-a’, noun deriving from the verb ‘’ which means to claim, to believe). It becomes obvious that, as far as religion is concerned, the doctrineâ⠂¬â„¢s name reflects the disputes or clashes between Christians – and often between Christians and other followers of other religions – and the urge to prove that one dogma is more ‘correct’ than the other. There are cases where dimensions of the national identity of the person are so dominant in the person’s image that they determine his / her interaction with the world. For instance, an Afghani woman, who wears the burgha in a context outside her country, is as if she ‘introduces’ herself through her dress code, revealing her national origin before giving any other personal information, not even her external appearance. It becomes obvious that in such extreme cases a person’s national identity might play a catalytic role as far as social relations are concerned, as it denotes that a person is part of a particular social, political or religious system. This marker can often be very restricting not only regarding the person’s self – image, but also the way the (significant) others view the person and the extent to which the person can get involved in social relationships. As Roy (1999 p. 64) observes, there are often cases where the person who be ars indicators of his / her national origin does not do so as a result of his / her free choice, but rather to show compliance with a ‘moral obligation’ (as in the case of Muslim women who wear a scarf an as well as outside the borders of their country) or an imposed law (as in Afghanistan). In such cases, the expression of national identity through linguistic, dress, dietary or other cultural codes reflects the identity’s rigid or static character and it might contribute to the person’s social alienation (Roy, 1999 pp. 58-59). Prejudice and discrimination based on critiria od national origin might be an extreme case of what developmental psychology terms as ‘kin selection’ and ‘reciprocal altrouism’ (Goodhart 2004, p. , Ozkirimli 2000, p. 71). To be more specific, with respect to the incident with the Albanian student, the Greeks’ aggressivenes was inspired by the fact that their national identity was challenged and their sense of unity and homogeneity was at stake by the ‘intrusion’ of a foreigner, that provoked their national pride. It becomes obvious that the invocation of national identity was the unifying factor for the Greeks who opposed to the foreign student’s participation in the parade as a flag-bearer (something considered by many citizens to be a Greek ‘privilege’). Even though there was no obvious breaking of the law, there was a significant number of people who shared the same impressions and reacted in similar ways, providing no logical arguments. The politicians’ involvement and their attempts to calm down the annoyed citizens confirm the fact that they legitimised national prejudice in order to appear appealing to the public. Finally, the student, after the unfavourable reaction of the public, declared that he did not feel Greek any more and he did not want to share the Greek identity. This confirms the subjectivity and flux of national identity. It also proves that this identity may be determined on the basis of what other perceive of the individual. Hence, its formation is the result of reciprocal determination. As Goodhart (2004, p.) observes, people with the same nationality may have a variety of other differences (religion, class, area of inhabitance), a fact that justifies national identity’s fictitious character. Nevertheless, the example above confirms that members of a national minority may become ‘second-class citizens’ because they do not share the same historic past. The extent to which national identity is dominant in a person’s self-description may depend on whether it is being challenged or not. Depending on the circumstance a person finds him/herself in and the need to protect ot stand up for his/her identity, s/he will do so be it gener, religious, national or other identity. Therefore, its importance may vary according to the social context (Searle 2001, p. 3). The manipulation of national identity for political or military purposes wsa evident in World War II. German Nazis and Italian fascism are such examples. In both cases a ‘charismatic’ leader misled the military forces and the public opinion by cultivating and racist feelings. All thei arguments were groundless, superficial and completely lacked rational base. Both leaders aimed at unifying the nation and winning its by stressing its superiority over other nations. The appeal of this false ideology might be partly explained by social identity theory, which explains that people’s self-esteem is raised by the idea that they belong to a (social, racial, national or other) group that is ‘superior’ than others. Thus the leaders manipulated this emotional vulnerability (New Zealand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.). Gellner (Nationalism 55) attempts to define nationalism based on poltical criteria. He places emphasis on education as an important factor in the formation of national identity. He observes that â€Å"men do not in general become nationalists from sentiment or sentimentality, atavistic or not, well-based or myth-founded: they becomenationalists through genuine, objective, practical necessity, however obscurely recognised† (Gellner 1994, p. 56). Hence, it seems that regardless of whether the roots of a person’s nationalism are emotional or rational, it is still difficult to specify the exact content of the idea of the nation. Moreover, the ‘fictive’ nature of national identiy can be deduced by the process of elimination: people may share the same national identity, without speaking the same language (as in the case of second, or third generation immigrants, who feel they belong to the nation of their ancestors, even though they might hardly speak their langu age). The same stands for people who live in the same country, work, vote, join the army but have different religious beliefs and customs. In terms of racial characteristics the given fact of ‘mixed marriages’ has eliminated any possibility of a pure, homogenous nation, proving Hitler’s aspirations to be not only extreme, but also utopian (Crouch 1999, p. 283; Ozkirimli 2000, p. 76). Finally, with respect to shared land and common borders, they seem to be the most fluctuating and less important factors in the subjective perception of national identity. In the case of Greece, Thessaloniki, the second largest city, was under the Turks’ domination until 1912 and it was not taken by the Bulgarian army, thanks to a successful Greek military and political operation of the last moment. Similarly, the islands of the South-East Aegean Sea were finally acknowledged as Greek territory after the end of World War II. During the above period and even from the ancient ti mes, there no question regarding the inhabitants’ Greek identity, either in their consciousness or in the consciousness of the people who lived in the mainland; there was a reciprocally agreed national determination which greatly enhanced shared feelings of solidarity and patriotism. An alternative way of approaching the relativity of national identity would be by viewing the emerging of European Union, which may contribute to the formation of another, wider notion of nationality. It seems that the new form of national identity has expanded to encompass all residents of the European union. This is evident in the way civil rights (i.e. work permissions) are shared throughout European countries, creating a sense of commonness and solidarity and a new kind of cultural community. An example of how a new form of border may be invented and all the implications: no need for a passport to travel within the European Union, bank account). This gives the impression of a shared trust, appreciation and privileges. To conclude, Parekh’s definition of national identity captures accurately its inconsistency: â€Å"national identity, then, is a matter of moral and emotional identification with a particular community based on a shared loyalty to its constitutive principles and participation in its collective self-understanding† (Parekh 1000, p. 69). References Anderson, B. (1994). ‘Imagined Communities’. In J. Hutchinson D. Smith (eds), Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 89-96. Baumeister, R.F. (1991). Meanings of Life. New York: Guilford Press. Campbell, P.T. (1995) sto keimeno: cited Georgas. Crouch, C. (1999). Social Change in Western Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Goodhart, D. (2004). ‘Too Diverse?’ Prospect, 95, Hobsbaum, E. Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hutchinson, J. Smith, A.D. (1994). ‘Nationalism’. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kedourie, E. (1994). ‘Nationalism and Self-determination’. In J. Hutchinson D. Smith (eds), Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49-55. Ozkirimli, U. (2000). Theories of Nationalism. New York: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC. Parekh, B. (1999). ‘Defining National Identity in a Multicultural Society’. In E. Mortimer R. Fine (eds), People, Nation and State, London: IB Tauris Publishers, pp 66-74. Roy, O. (1999). ‘The Elusive Cultural Community’. In E. Mortimer R. Fine (eds), People, Nation and State, London: IB Tauris Publishers, pp 56-65. Salkind, N. ( oxi to New Zealand!!!!!!!!! Vassiliou, V. Vassiliou, G. (1966). ‘The Implicative Meaning of the Greek Concept of Philotimo’. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 4, 326-341. In ?. Research Papers on The Importance of National Identity in Social Relations - Humanities EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Biblical Integration

How much better to get wisdom than gold. Webster defines wisdom as; knowledge that is gained by having any experiences in life: the natural ability to understand things that most other people cannot understand: and knowledge of what is proper or reasonable: good sense or Judgment. To me God is the foundation of wisdom he is all knowing and gives us all of our experiences in life in order to grow closer to him though faith. To get insight rather than silver, to have knowledge and understanding of Christ is more important than any amount of silver and gold here on earth. Wisdom is a priceless gift that God shares with us and should be valued above all things. The highway of the upright avoids evil. Integrity is the quality of being honest and fair: the state of being complete or whole (Webster). God expects us to take the high road and avoid sin. By being honest and avoiding evil means to be upright. Even if the rough is tough we should walk upright with integrity. God did not promise that it would be an easy Journey but the reward of eternal life with him would be the ultimate goal and glory. He that keepeth his way preserveth his soul. To me this passage describes diligence. Diligence is defined as; persevering application and the attention and care legally expected or required of a person (as a party to a contract) (Webster). God expects us to stay the course and look only to him for guidance even when we are unable to make sense of our surroundings or things that are happening in our lives. We should be diligent in our faith and beliefs in him our Lord, and Savior Jesus Christ. Proverbs 21 :5 lets us know that God has great things in store for us if we work diligently and with integrity. In regards to time management, it has only been possible some weeks to complete course assignments and studies through the grace of God and prayer. Through faith that the Lord has allowed me to make the right decisions and trust that he has not put more on me than I could bear I have been able to stay the course and follow the path that he has laid out for me. It is described in the scripture that through diligence and hard work we are able to achieve all things through faith in God. In attending online college academic integrity is a huge art of the perspective. These verses can be applied in the expectations of academic integrity. When completing assignments, plagiarism whether intentionally or this scripture God give us the foundation of wisdom to choose to make the right decisions and he expects us to live upright and follow his way through tough times. No reward can be gained through the path of sin. Reference http://www. biblestudytools. com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/ proverbs-16-17. html http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/